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Critical Evaluation of Theories in a Scientific Journal 
In this case authors and their theories are sometimes used in place of each other, giving theories 
the role of active subjects (Schmid & Fiedler, 1999; Fiedler & Schmid, 1999): 
”This important study is acknowledged as incorporating (IAV) and advancing (IAV) earlier work 
(...) and will therefore be a focus (ADJ) for detailed attention.” (E & P, p.25). 
Partner Descriptions in a Clinical Interview 
Here we sometimes find phrases with an abstracted, impersonal subject (”... one likes to do leave 
all this behind ...”, ”... one gives the children all they need”, ”... if one goes to a party ...”) that in 
the context clearly refers to the speaker. As a discretionary rule these phrases can become units 
for categorization and are classified as if that person were explicitly referred to. 
Objectivity 
Categorizing natural language leaves us with one important question: How well are the raters 
calibrated? Rater agreement determined according to Cohen (1960) so far lends to an optimistic 
view: Cohen’s kappa rarely drops below .80 and usually reached the .90s. 
 

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References: 
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient for agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological 
Measurement, 20, 37-46. 
Fiedler, K. & Schmid, J. (1999), Implicit attributions and biases -- An answer to Edwards' and 
Potter's rejoinder. Theory & Psychology, 9, 837-845. 
Fiedler, K., & Semin, G. R. (1988). On the causal information conveyed by different 
interpersonal verbs: The role of implicit sentence context. Social Cognition, 6, 21-39. 
Fiedler, K. & Semin, G. R. (1992). Attribution and language as a socio-cognitive environment. In 
G. R. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition. (pp. 79-
101). London: Sage. 
Fiedler, K., Semin, G. R. & Finkenauer, C. (1993). The battle of words between gender groups. A 
language-based approach to intergroup processes. Human Communication Research, 19, 
409-441. 
Fiedler, K., Semin, G. R. & Koppetsch, C. (1991). Language use and attributional biases in close 
personal relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 147-155. 
Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L. & Semin, G. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The 
linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 9881-993. 
Schmid, J. (1999). Pinning down attributions: The Linguistic Category Model applied to 
wrestling records. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 895-907. 
Schmid, J. & Fiedler, K. (1996). Language and implicit attributions in the Nuremberg Trials. 
Human Communication Research, 22, 371-398. 
Schmid, J. & Fiedler, K. (1999). A parsimonious theory can account for complex phenomena: A 
discursive analysis of Edwards' and Potter's critique of non-discursive language research. 
Theory and Psychology, 9, 807-822. 
Semin, G. R. & Fiedler, K. (1992). The inferential properties of interpersonal verbs. In G. R. 
Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition. (pp. 58-78). 
London: Sage. 
Examples were taken from: 
Defoe, D. (1965) (orig.: 1719) Robinson Crusoe. London: Penguin. 
Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1993). Language and causation: A discursive action model of 
description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100, 23-41. 
Forester, C.S. (1956) (orig: 1950) Mr. Midshipman Hornblower. London: Penguin. 
IMT – The International Military Tribunal (Transcripts of the Nuremberg Trials) 
Kipling, R. (1987) (orig.: 1894). The Jungle Book. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Puffin Books 
Stevenson, R. L. (1981) (orig.: 1883). Treasure Island. Toronto: Bantam Books. 
Stoker, B. (1985) (orig.: 1897). Dracula. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Puffin Classics, Penguin. 

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Tolkien, J. R. R. (1981) (orig.: 1937) The Hobbit. London: Unwin Paperbacks 
Twain, M. (1985) (orig.: 1876) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: 
Puffin Classics, Penguin.