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Vázquez Castaño María
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https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-frequency/ ). Figure 3, which was taken from the OED (key to frequency), shows the frequency range that each of the eight bands covers and the percentage of entries that are categorised within each band. The frequency band of a word is, thus, calculated in terms of the number of times it occurs per million words in typical usage. Figure 3: Frequency bands range (OED: key to frequency) Borrowing from Latin is a really broad area, since it would include loanwords, loan translations and semantic loans. Such a study would be really difficult to cover completely in this dissertation. For that reason, I decided to reduce the scope of my study to Latin loanwords. However, loan blends were also considered, for the boundary between loan blends and loanwords is not always clear, and their proximity is remarkable (see Chapter 2.4). In any case, semantic loans and loan translations such as dame’s-violet, which is “[a] translation of the Latin name in the old herbalists, Viola matronalis, or of its equivalents” (OED s.v. dame’s-violet n.), were not taken into account. Moreover, the Latin loanwords into Modern English included in the analysis are direct loanwords in the sense that they come directly from Latin and from Latin only, showing a certain ultimate Latin origin. For instance, the two Latin borrowings mentioned before, aback (OED s.v. 41 aback n.) and ab aeterno (OED s.v. ab aeterno adv.), are both ultimate Latin borrowings, as they come from classical Latin abacus and post-classical Latin ab aeterno respectively, so they were included in the analysis. However, those loanwords that did not fulfil that principle were excluded from the classification. Among these exceptions, we find borrowings showing an uncertain or multiple origin, borrowings coming indirectly from other language into English via Latin, borrowings introduced into Modern English combined with an English element, and neoclassical compounds (which, as seen in chapter 3, are not exactly Latin borrowings). Finally, borrowings that are mainly historical or allusive, which are related to renowned or mythological figures or even to names of places or nations, were also left out of the classification. Even though they were not included in my classification, I will provide now some examples of the aforementioned exclusions. Some words that appear in the OED’s list when we look for Latin borrowings with the advanced search actually show an uncertain origin. An instance of this kind of borrowings that I found while performing my search was the word ballote, which the OED classifies as either a borrowing from French or a borrowing from Latin (OED s.v. ballote n.). Apart from borrowings of doubtful origin, we can also find words of multiple origins that come in part from Latin. Some examples of this are babirusa, that comes partly from Latin (Latin babyroussa) and partly from Malay (Malay babi rusa) (OED s.v. babirusa n.), and labarum, which comes partly from Latin (Latin labarum) and partly from French (French labarum) (OED s.v. labarum n.). Examples such as these were discarded. In the results of my search there were many examples of borrowings from other languages that were indirectly introduced into English through Latin. Two of these are, for example, Cabbala, which, although it was borrowed into medieval Latin, ultimately comes from the Rabbinical Hebrew word qabb 𝑎8l𝑎8h (OED s.v. Cabbala, Kabbalah n.), and kalidium, which was borrowed into modern Latin from Greek καλίδιον. Likewise, borrowings from Latin combined with English elements in the moment of their introduction were also common. An example of the latter is the word gadean, whose origin is the scientific Latin word Gadus, combined with the suffix -ean (OED s.v. gadean n.). Neoclassical compounds are also included in the list of Latin forms yielded in the OED search in those cases in which at least one of their elements was taken from Latin. However, since they are formed within English and they did not exist in Latin (as most of the times they were formed with both Latin and Greek elements that did not occur together in the classical 42 languages), they are not considered actual Latin borrowings in this dissertation. Some examples are galanthophile, whose etymons are the Latin word Galanthus and the Greek combining form -phile, joined through the connective vowel -o- (OED s.v. galanthophile n.), and tabacosis, which comes from the modern Latin word tabacum and the Greek suffix -osis (OED s.v. tabacosis n.). Even in those cases in which a compound already existed in Latin, such as palatopharyngeus (OED s.v. palatopharyngeus n.), they were not reckoned here as Latin borrowings if the origin of one combining form or lexeme was ultimately Greek, since, as I have already mentioned, exclusively those words of Latin origin only were considered in this study. On the other hand, compounds after Latin elements only that already existed in Latin were included, such as quadrennium (OED s.v. quadrennium n.) and quadricorn (OED s.v. quadricorn n. and adj.). Borrowings like Jacobean (OED s.v. Jacobean n.) or Iberic (OED s.v. Iberic n.) were also left out of the classification, since I considered them to be of little interest for the purpose of this study, as they were created after the names of renowned people and places respectively in order to convey a relation with them. Oblate (OED s.v. Oblate n. 2 ) and Sabbatine (OED s.v. Sabbatine adj.) were also excluded, since they are borrowings of historical usage that are not relevant for the purpose of this study. Scientific terms named after a person’s name like kalmia (modern Latin term that comes from the name of Pehr Kalm, combined with the suffix -ia (OED s.v. kalmia n.)) were also left out of the analysis for the same reason, as they derive from names instead of from truly Latin words. Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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