Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of Republic of Uzbekistan
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analytical reading
Lexical Expressive Means
Among lexical stylistic means we find the following figures of speech used in the text: an epithet, a metaphor, a simile and irony. a) An epithet (эпитет) is usually an attributive word or phrase expressing some quality of a person, thing or phenomenon. An epithet always expresses the author's individual attitude towards what he describes, his personal appraisal of it, and is a powerful means in his hands of conveying his emotions to the reader and in this way securing the desired effect. E.g. "a rigid, and time-honored code, a code so
voice... was tiny". b) A simile (сравнение) is an expressed imaginative comparison based on the likeness of two objects or ideas belonging to different classes (in contrast to a comparison which compares things belonging to the same class and is not a figure of speech). The comparison is formally expressed by the words "as", "like", "as if, "such as", "seem", e.g. "This case is as simple as black and white"; "I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers"; "...and it was like patching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger..."
c) A metaphor (метафора) is an implied imaginative comparison expressed in one word or in a number оf words or sentences (the so-called prolonged or sustained metaphor—развернутая метафорa). A metaphor expresses our perception of the likeness between two objects or ideas, e.g. "...Atticus wasn't a thunderer" (to thunder is to make a loud noise, therefore a thunderer is one who thunders or utters something in a loud voice resembling the sounds made by thunder); "...it requires no sifting of complicated facts"; "...whoever breaks it is hounded, from our society..."; "No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards..."; "...a phrase that the Yankees... are fond of hurling at us"; "...and it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the
From these examples you can see that a metaphor can be expressed by different parts of speech. Note that practically every simile can be compressed into a metaphor and every metaphor can be extended into a simile.
d) Irony (ирония) is a figure of speech by means of which a word or words (it may be a situation) express the direct opposite of what their meanings denote, thus we often say "how clever!" when a person says or does something foolish. Irony shows the attitude of the author towards certain facts or event"! There is only one example of irony in the text: "And so a quiet respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to feel sorry for a white woman..."
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