Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan





Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service




from the subject of English




Independent work




Subject:

Uzbekistan



Done: Asilbekov Akjol. 1st year student



Samarkand 2021 y.

Uzbekistan (Uzbek O'zbekiston / Uzbekiston [ozbekiˈstɒn]), Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek O'zbekiston Respublikasi / Uzbekiston Respublikasi) [approx.- a state located in the central part of Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a neutral state.

Neighboring states: in the east - Kyrgyzstan; in the north-east, north and north-west - Kazakhstan; in the southwest and south - Turkmenistan; in the south - Afghanistan and in the southeast - Tajikistan.
Uzbekistan has access to the Aral Sea, however, it is one of two countries in the world (along with Liechtenstein), which need to cross the territory of two states to reach the World Ocean: all neighboring countries also do not have access to the World Ocean

As a result of the national-territorial delimitation of 1924, the Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic, the Bukhara Socialist Soviet Republic and on their territory, as well as part of the territory of the former Turkestan ASSR, which was part of the RSFSR, were formed, two new union republics were formed - the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR. In August 1991, the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan adopted a resolution "On the proclamation of state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan ”, as well as the Law“ On the foundations of state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan ”. On September 30, 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed into the "Republic of Uzbekistan", in the country's constitution, adopted in 1992, it is recorded that the names "Uzbekistan" and "Republic of Uzbekistan" are equivalent. Since the end of the 1980s, and in the first years of the country's independence, to designate the term "republic" in the Uzbek language, the variant "zhumkuriyat" - "Uzbekiston Zhumkuriyati" was officially used, but since 1993, it was officially returned to denote this term. "Republic" - "Uzbekiston Respublikasi / O'zbekiston Respublikasi"

The toponym is formed by combining the ethnonym "Uzbeks" and the Iranian-language formant -stan - "country". The origin of the ethnonym "Uzbeks" to this day remains a subject of discussion. So, the personal name "Uzbek" is found in the Arab sources of the XII century, for example, Osama-ibn-Munkiz in the "Book of Edification" notes that one of the leaders of the troops of the ruler of Hamadan Bursuk in 1115-1116 was the "emir of the troops" Uzbek - the ruler Mosul. According to G.V. Vernadsky, the term "Uzbeks" was used as a self-designation for the united "free people" of various occupations, language, faith and origin. In his work Mongols and Russia, Vernadsky noted: “according to Paul Pelio, the name Uzbek (Özbäg) means“ master of himself ”(maître de sa personne), that is,“ free man ”. Uzbek as the name of a nation would then mean “a nation of free people” ”. This point of view was shared by PS Savelyev, who wrote about the Bukhara Uzbeks in the 1830s, who believed that the name "Uzbek" means "his own master".

The ancient ancestors of the Uzbeks were the Sogdians, Khorezmians, Bactrians, Ferghans and Sako-Massaget tribes. From the turn of the new era, certain groups of Turkic-speaking tribes began to penetrate into the Central Asian interfluve.

The Turkic-speaking population of the interfluve, formed by the 11th-12th centuries, formed the basis of the Uzbek nationality.

The ethnonym "Uzbek" was introduced into the region under Timur, and began to be used more massively after the conquest and partial assimilation among its environment of Destikipchak nomads who migrated to Maverannahr on the border of the 15th-16th centuries headed by Sheibani Khan. The poet Alisher Navoi, in his works written in the 15th century, mentioned the ethnonym "Uzbek" as the name of one of the ethnic groups of Maverannahr. The 17th century poet Turdy wrote about the ethnonym "Uzbek" as a unifying name for 92 clans in Central Asia. The Bukhara Emirate, along with the Khiva Khanate and the Kokand Khanate, was one of the three Uzbek khanates in Central Asia.

In the 1870s, it was noted that "the Uzbeks, no matter what kind of life they lead, all consider themselves one people, but are subdivided into many clans." On the basis of the large Uzbek population, the Uzbek SSR was created in 1924.
Story
The territory of modern Uzbekistan was inhabited by Neanderthals back in the Paleolithic (Obi-Rakhmat, Teshik-Tash, a suburb of Andijan). Uzbekistan is located in the interfluve, between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. The territory of Uzbekistan in medieval Arab and Central Asian sources as Maverannahr or Transoxiana in European. The emergence of the first states on the territory of Uzbekistan dates back to the 8th-7th centuries BC. e., when such states as Khorezm, Sogdiana and Bactria arose. The most ancient cities on the territory of modern Uzbekistan are Samarkand (742 BC), Andijan (5th century BC), Shakhrisabz (7th century BC), Khiva (6th century BC) , Karshi and Termez (V century BC), Bukhara (IV century BC), Tashkent and Margilan (II century BC).

In 329-327 BC. e. Alexander the Great, conquered Sogdiana and Bactria. The resistance to the invaders was fierce, which forced Alexander's army to stay in this area for 3 years. Uzbekistan is the center of ancient Turan.

From the IV century A.D. e. the flourishing of ancient Khorezm begins. From 305 to 995, Khorezm was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty of Khorezmshahs.
In the 6th-7th centuries, part of the territory of modern Uzbekistan was part of Sogdiana and Bactria, which were later dependent on the Türkic Kaganate. In 603-658, the territory of Uzbekistan was part of the Western Turkic Kaganate, the most prominent ruler of which Was Ton-yabgu kagan carried out an administrative reform and appointed his representatives - tuduns in the region to monitor and control the collection of tribute. After the conquest by the Arabs, it was part of the Arab Caliphate. Since the second quarter of the 9th century, the territory of modern Uzbekistan has been part of the Samanid state. The Samanid state embraces

the territory of Maverannahr and Khorasan. During the reign of the Samanids, the foundations of state government (ministries) were formed, which existed until the beginning of the X century. At this time, there is a flourishing of science, culture and poetry in the region. At the end of the 10th century, the Samanid state fell under the onslaught of the Turkic tribes - the Karakhanids and Gaznevids. The Muslim conquest in the 7th century brought the majority of the population, including the local ruling classes, to the practice of Islam.

The conquest of Maverannahr by the Karakhanids is associated with the name of the Karakhanid ruler, brother of the supreme ruler of the state of Togan Khan Ahmad ibn Ali - Nasr ibn Ali. In 994-995 he conquered Fergana and Khujand from the Samanids. In 995 he captured Ilak. As the direct ruler of the area was left, Mansur b. Ahmad, the Ilak dikhkan, who sat here during the time of Harun Bugra Khan. In Karakhanid Ibrahim Buritakin in 1038 captured the capital of Maverannahr, the city of Samarkand and proclaimed himself a khan. In 1040, two separate Karakhanid state formations took shape – Eastern the Kaganate with the capital in Balasagun (later in Kashgar) and the Western Kaganate with the center in Samarkand. Even having occupied Balasagun, Tamgach Khan left Samarkand as the capital of the Western Kaganate. Ibrahim's centralizing policy was expressed, among other things, in the unification of the monetary system on the territory of the entire state. Thanks to the policy of centralization, the fight against political fragmentation and the maintenance of a stable peaceful situation that reigned in Maverannahr, in the narratives of medieval authors Ibrahim appears as the ideal of a just sovereign.
From 1040 until the fall of the dynasty in 1212, the Samarkand khans came from the offspring of Ibrahim Tabgach Khan. Thus, Tabgach-khan Ibrahim forever put an end to the plurality of khans, becoming the only kagan. Ibrahim Tamgach Khan built a madrasah and a free hospital in Samarkand. Representatives of the Turkic dynasty of the Karakhanids founded the Shahi Zinda memorial architectural ensemble in Samarkand. Later it was formed over the course of 9 centuries and includes more than twenty structures of the XI-XIV and XIX centuries. The oldest structures of the ensemble, from which only the foundations and gravestones have survived, date back to the era of the Turkic dynasty of the Karakhanids (XI-XII centuries).

By the 10th century, a literary language functioned in the Karakhanid state, continuing the traditions of ancient Turkic written texts. Official Karakhanid language of the 10th century. was based on the grammatical system of the ancient Karluk dialects. The Islamization of the Karakhanids and their Turkic subjects played an important role in the cultural development of the Turkic culture. At the end of the X - beginning of the XI century. for the first time in the history of the Turkic peoples, Tafsir, a commentary on the Koran, was translated into the Turkic language.

During the reign of the Karakhanids, such well-known scholars and poets as Mahmud al-Kashgari, Yusuf Balasaguni and others lived and worked in Maverannahr.
In the XII - early XIII centuries, the territory of modern Uzbekistan became part of the Khorezmshah state, conquered in 1219-1221 by the Mongols of Genghis Khan, after which the territory of Uzbekistan became part of the uluses of his sons - Jochi and Chagatai.

In the XIV century, Tamerlane (Amir Timur) ruled (1336-1405). In his military campaigns, Tamerlane significantly expanded the territory of his state and conquered many adjacent territories, including Persia, Asia Minor, North India, Transcaucasia, eastern Desht-i-Kipchak and others. The capital of the state of Tamerlane was Samarkand. During the Timurid era, the region's science and culture flourished. At this time, the astronomer Mirzo Ulugbek, the poets Abdurahman Jami and Alisher Navoi lived.

In 1499, the troops of Sheibani Khan, the Uzbek Khan, founder of the Bukhara Khanate, invaded from the Desht-i-Kipchak steppes on the territory of modern Uzbekistan. In 1500-1501, the Sheibanids conquered the Timurid capital Samarkand, which accelerated the fall of the Timurid state and founded the Uzbek Bukhara Khanate, also known as the Sheibanid state. Sheibani Khan himself and his nephew Ubadaidulla Khan were poets who wrote in the Turkic language.

Over time, the state formation of the Sheibanids was divided in two: the Khiva Khanate and the Bukhara Khanate. In Khorezm, relatives of the Sheibanids, Arabshahids, descended from Arab-shah-ibn-Pilad, descendant of Shiban in the ninth generation, ascended the throne. In the Bukhara Khanate, the Sheibanids (1500-1599) remained the ruling dynasties, who later ceded power to the Ashtarkhanids (1599-1756). After the Ashtarkhanids, the last dynasty from the Uzbek tribe of Mangyts (1756-1920) ascended the throne, which ruled Bukhara, which by that time had become an emirate until its abolition in 1920.

The Shibanids ruled in the Khiva Khanate, and from 1770 to 1920 a dynasty from the Uzbek clan of the Kungrat ruled until the abolition of the Khanate.
From 1709 to 1876, the Kokand Khanate also existed on the territory of modern Uzbekistan, formed by immigrants from the Uzbek [33] tribe Ming.

By the time the territorial expansion of the Russian Empire began, there were 3 state entities on the territory of modern Uzbekistan: the Bukhara Emirate, the Kokand Khanate and the Khiva Khanate. In 1876, the Kokand Khanate was defeated by the Russian Empire, the Khanate was abolished, and the central territories of the Khanate were incorporated into the Fergana region.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Central Asia was part of the Russian Empire and at the beginning of the formation of Soviet power, despite the resistance of the Basmachi to the Bolsheviks, all of Central Asia became part of the Soviet Union and consisted of the Turkestan ASSR, the Bukhara Republic and the Khorezm Republic. From November 27, 1917 to February 22, 1918, an unrecognized independent state existed on the territory of Uzbekistan - Turkestan autonomy. In January 1918, after the Turkestan autonomy refused to fulfill the ultimatum presented to recognize the power of the Soviets, 11 echelons with troops and artillery under the command of

K. Osipova. From 6 to 9 February 1918, street battles took place, with significant casualties and destruction, in which more than 10 thousand civilians died. For many decades this operation undermined the confidence of the local population in the Russian revolution, central and local Soviet power. The response to the liquidation of the Turkestan autonomy was a powerful national liberation partisan movement, known in Soviet historiography as the Basmachi, liquidated by the Soviet government only in the 1930s.

After the national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia, on October 27, 1924, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was formed with its capital in the city of Samarkand. On September 1, 1930, the capital of the Uzbek SSR was moved from Samarkand to Tashkent.
The peasant population of the Uzbek SSR, like other republics of the USSR, was subjected to collectivization and dispossession. In 1931, more than 3.5 thousand kulak families were deported from the republic mainly to the Ukrainian SSR. The population resisted - in January - March 1930 alone, there were 105 armed anti-collective farm actions in the republic.

Being a part of the USSR, Uzbekistan from a backward colonial region turned into an industrial-agrarian republic, with a developed light and food industry, heavy industry grew tenfold. The largest thermal power plants were built (Tashkent, from 1971, Syrdarya, from 1975, Navoi, Angren State District Power Plant) and hydroelectric power plants (Charvak, from 1972), gas development began (Gazli field, from 1961) and oil fields especially in the Andijan region. Completely new for the republic branches of mechanical engineering appeared (electrical, radio-electronic, instrument-making, chemical, aviation, etc.) New large areas of cotton growing were created, Uzbekistan became a powerful cotton base of the USSR.

On June 20, 1990, thanks to the initiative of democratic deputies (Zh. Mamatov, S. Madaminov, E. Vojidov), the Declaration of Independence of Uzbekistan was adopted. In 1991, the August putsch in the capital of the USSR, Moscow, collapsed. On August 31, 1991, President of the Uzbek SSR I.A.Karimov was forced to declare the independence of Uzbekistan, despite the fact that he was categorically against it and wanted to leave Uzbekistan as part of the USSR.

On August 31, 1991, the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan adopted a resolution "On the proclamation of state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan", as well as the Law "On the foundations of state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan". On September 30, 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan. At the end of this year, after the collapse of the USSR, a referendum on the independence of Uzbekistan was held, where the question was asked: "Do you approve of the state independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan proclaimed by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan?" As a result, 98.3% of voters supported independence, while 1.7% of voters opposed it. The turnout was 94.1%. On September 1, the Independence Day of Uzbekistan is popularly celebrated and this day is declared non-working.

The state language of Uzbekistan is Uzbek.
The Constitution of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992.