Ministry of higher and secondary

SEQUENCE OF WORK ON TEXT

When translating, the following sequence of work on the text is recommended:

1. 
   Read the entire text (or chapter) to the end, paying particular attention to the heading, try to understand its general content.
   
2. 
   Read the first sentence and determine whether it is simple or complex. If the sentence is complex, break it into separate sentences (complex - into the main and subordinate, complex - into simple). Find turns with non-personal verb forms.
   
3. 
   In a simple sentence, you must first find the predicate group (in the personal form of the verb), using it to determine the subject group and the complement group. Verb-predicate usually comes in second place.
   
4. 
   Based on familiar words, translate in the following order: predicate group, subject group, complement group, circumstances.
   
5. 
   Look for unfamiliar words in the dictionary, first determining what part of speech they are. Pay attention to the suffixes and prefixes of these words. Read all the meanings of the word given in the dictionary entry and choose the most appropriate based on the context. When working with a dictionary, use the applications available in it.
   

3. TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION TEXT

1

The impact of mild renal dysfunction on isolated cardiopulmonary coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective propensity score matching analysis

Xian Wang, Yifan Zhu, Wen Chen, Liangpeng Li, Xin Chen & Rui Wang
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery volume 14, Article number: 191 (2019)

Nowadays, coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) is recognized as one of the most effective procedures for the treatment of coronary artery atherosclerosis disease. Patients with renal dysfunction (RD) are known to be at higher risk for mortality after CABG [1]. However, there is limited information on effects of different degrees of RD based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), especially the studies focused on the mild preoperative RD are relatively rare [2].

The majority of previous studies usually utilized serum creatinine as the indicator of the severity of RD, but compared with creatinine levels, eGFR has been considered as the most reliable indicator of renal function according to the National Kidney Foundation guidelines [3, 4]. RD caused by cardiopulmonary bypass can be attributed to inflammatory response, nonpulsatile flow, hemodilution, renal hypoperfusion, low cardiac output syndrome, atheroembolism, increased levels of circulating catecholamines, and free hemoglobin [5, 6]. However, studies conducted previously in this field have provided conflicting outcomes to support this hypothesis [7, 8].

In order to avoid the bias of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we only enrolled patients with preoperative eGFR of more than 60 ml/ min/1.73 m² undergoing first

isolated cardiopulmonary coronary artery bypass grafting (CCABG) surgery. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of mild preoperative RD compared with normal renal function on in-hospital and long-term outcomes in a single centre, retrospective propensity score matching study.