Ministry of higher education, science and innovation of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan
CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR
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55 CHAPTER III. FEATURES OF THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHOR, SYNECDOCHE AND SIMILE IN THE POETIC TEXTS 3.1 The usage and translation of metaphor in the poetic texts Poetry is the highest form of existence of the national language. In poetic creativity with the greatest completeness and concentration expresses the spirit of the people - the originality of its historical and cultural development, its mental structure. To understand the poetry of another people means to understand another national character, the emotional world of another culture. The main task of a poetry translator is to convey this culture by means of his native language. Actual problems of literary translation are accuracy and artistry. The latter is especially important, because artistry always requires a certain intervention of the translator in the very fabric of the work, in integrity. It is important for any translator to be able to transfer, accurately convey the images, idea, and theme of the text and at the same time be understandable to the reader. Translation is not only the process of translating each word into another language, but also understanding the meaning and finding the equivalence. According to Peter Newmark 51 , translation “translates the meaning of the text into another language in the way the author of the text intended”. Meanwhile, J. Catford 52 states that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language with equivalent textual material in another language”. The unity of language and culture, manifested in the language layer and culture of each nation, are forced to consider linguistic features from the point of view of cultural studies, the cultural experience of the nation. In other words, with the help of language, as the most important part of culture, certain cultural phenomena, objects, artifacts of culture are encoded. At the same time, the method and language means of coding can be similar (similar) or different in different cultures, representing a specific linguocultural entity. When translating a text, the translator plays an important role, since the product of the translation will depend 51 Newmark P. A Textbook of Translation. – New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. P. 292. 52 Catford J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. – London: Oxford UP, 1965. 56 on his consideration of the text. Therefore, the translator must have a high competence, in order to create a good translation, one must have both linguistic skills and being culturally aware of the source, must understand the text that it is translating and have a good level of writing in order to convey the original meaning well in the translated text. In addition, he must understand the culture of the source language and the target language, because sometimes ideas and concepts are only acceptable in a particular culture. However, having all these skills cannot guarantee the absence of problems. Problems in translating a text will always arise, even for an experienced translator, because the point of translation is to convey an equivalent message, and this is always met with numerous obstacles. Differences in the structure of the language and the nature of the culture will make it difficult to transfer the message. One of the common problems of translation is the translation of metaphor 53 . Let us give the traditional literary definition of metaphor. Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) is a type of path in which individual words or expressions come together in terms of the similarity of their meanings or in contrast. A metaphor is formed according to the principle of personification, reification, abstraction, etc. Various parts of speech can act as a metaphor: a verb, a noun, an adjective. Although the problem of metaphor has been worrying minds for two thousand years, it is most often considered either as a stylistic means or as an artistic device. Only in recent decades has the attention of linguists and philosophers shifted to the study of the ontology of metaphor. One of the leading researchers of the metaphor of the XX-XXI centuries. is V.N. Telia, who considered metaphor as a model of meaning production with its expressive and evaluative function. The author points to the process of how the metaphor works, creating expressively colored names and subtext 54 . 53 Poplack S., Sankoff D., Miller C. The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. – London, 1988. 47–104 pp. 54 Barkhudarov L. S. Language and translation. – M.: MO, 1975. 57 V.N.Telia points to such a phenomenon, which is inherent in some types of metaphors, as synergy, i.e. "the ability of a metaphor to create a psychological 'tension' between a 'literal meaning' and a meaning reinterpreted in such contrast that it can produce an emotional effect reminiscent of an electrical shock." Opinion proceeds on a very complex similarity, coming from almost “inconceivable” absolutely non-standard correspondences 55 . Metaphor is quite common both in English and in many other languages. Very often, metaphors are associated with literature, but, without noticing it, they often use them in everyday speech. Metaphor is one of the expressive means of language, which allows you to express your thoughts deeper and brighter. Metaphors are an indicator of the development of the language, culture and speech of a person and a nation. The English language is rich in metaphors that amaze with depth and imagery. It is flexible; it has many opportunities for creativity and creating your own metaphorical expressions. The role of metaphor in English is to diversify speech with turns that have a figurative meaning, which gives expressiveness to phrases and sentences. Metaphors enrich the language and show a high level of language proficiency. Therefore, when learning English along with everyday vocabulary, idioms, phrasal verbs, it will be useful to learn a few common beautiful metaphors. English metaphors are not always similar to Russian ones. They manifest a special mentality, cultural baggage and language features. Therefore, the study of metaphors is useful not only for the development of the English language, but also for a better understanding of the English-speaking culture. Metaphors can be used both in oral colloquial speech and in written speech - in literary texts. Metaphor gives speech exceptional expressiveness. Metaphor is an undifferentiated comparison, in which, however, both members are easily seen. In addition to verbal metaphor, a large distribution in the artistic creativity has metaphorical images or detailed metaphors. Metaphor is defined as "the use of language to mean something other than what it was originally applied to, or what it 55 Barkhudarov L. S. Language and translation. – M.: MO, 1975. 58 "literally" means, to suggest some similarity or connection between two things" 56 . Moreover, Newmark argues that a metaphor is any figurative language that demonstrates similarity 57 . Thus, metaphor means language that is used to show the similarity between two things, in addition to using the literal word. Metaphor is used to "describe an object, event, or quality more than comprehensively and concisely, in a more complex way than is possible with the use of literal language" 58 . It conveys the meaning of an object by comparing it with another object, but they must necessarily be similar. This shows that metaphor plays an important role in communicating, explaining and conveying the message in a more creative and interesting way. However, the metaphor is usually associated with a culture; the word that is used in the metaphor depends on the culture. Newmark explains that the universal metaphor is easier to translate, but the cultural metaphor in this respect is more difficult. According to Newmark, Larson argues that not every metaphor can be easily understood. If the metaphor is translated literally, then a misinterpretation is obtained. Larson argues that there are some reasons that make it difficult to translate the metaphor. First, the image used in the metaphor may not be known in the target language. For example, a metaphor based on the image of snow would be meaningless in the South Pacific, where snow is unknown. Secondly, the object of the metaphor can be stated implicitly. For example, in English the tide turned against the government "the tide turned against the government", the object of comparison of public opinion is expressed implicitly. Third, the similarity is implicit and difficult to identify. For example, the sentence "he is a pig" does not include points of similarity. In some cultures a pig can represent a sloppy person, but in another culture it means "glutton" and in a third culture it can mean someone who doesn't listen to people. Fourth, the target language uses different images in comparison. For example, in the source language there might be a sentence, which 56 Venuti L. The Translation Studies. – London: Routledge, 2004. P. 524. 57 Hatim B., Munday J. Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. – London: Routledge, 2004. P. 373. 58 Poplack S., Sankoff D., Miller C. The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. – London, 1988. 47–104 pp. 59 says that there was a storm in the national parliament yesterday (yesterday there was a storm in the national parliament), but it may be that the language of translation does not use the image of a storm, a thunderstorm, to talk about debates. Finally, the frequency with which metaphor is used varies. There are some languages that do not often use one metaphor or another, which makes it difficult for the reader to understand if it is translated literally. This list of problems proves that the translation of metaphors requires more attention from the translator. One of the theories about the translation of metaphors is proposed by Peter Newmark. Since metaphor is considered a major problem in translation, he suggests ways to transfer it. His theory is considered the most suitable for the analysis of metaphor, because it gives a clear and complete explanation. Metaphors are common figures of speech found in many languages 59 . Knowles and Moon define metaphor as a non-literal language that uses comparison, so it cannot be interpreted literally, otherwise the meaning will be irrational 60 . Typically used to compare two things that are similar in quality, image, or physical properties. Thus, a metaphor is a comparison of two different objects that indirectly have similarities. For example, the sentence She is a fox does not mean that she is an animal, but compares her to a fox in character traits, that is, she is cunning. Newmark suggests methods that can be used as technical guidance when translating a metaphor to find the equivalent meaning in the target language. Newmark's theory emphasizes that metaphor must be given special attention in order to achieve its approximate meaning in translation. Thus, Peter Newmark described a number of techniques by which translators usually convey a metaphor in a literary text. 1. A metaphorical image is saved if it is understandable and close to native speakers of another language. This method is used to translate a source language metaphor into a target language metaphor that has the same meaning and image. It 59 Baker M. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. – London: Routledge, 1998. P. 654. 60 Vinay J. P., Darbelnet J. Comparative Stylistics of French and English. A methodology for Translation. – Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. P. 358. 60 is used because the metaphor of the source language is universal, so the reader of the translation can fully understand the metaphor in the same way as the reader of the original. Single-word metaphors are most often reproduced by this method. 2. The original metaphor is replaced by an equivalent metaphor. Reception used if the metaphor is culturally compatible in the target language or not contrary to her culture. Newmark argues that stereotypical metaphors must be translated into meaning whether they exist in the target language or not, because they are usually limited by culture. Euphemisms are also metaphors and often have to be replaced by a cultural equivalent, the translator should only try to inform the reader, not influence him. 3. Metaphor is translated by comparison. This procedure translates the metaphor into comparison form, but preserves the image. However, this changes the impression metaphors, since the comparison is more restrained and explicit. This method can be used to modify any type of word as well as the original complex metaphor. 4. The metaphorical image is preserved with the addition of explanatory information. This is a compromise method that combines communicative and semantic translations that are addressed to both the amateur and the experienced to the reader. The focus here is on gloss, not the equivalent effect. It should be noted that some metaphors may be incomplete in the target language without adding a semantic component. Thus, this procedure is used to avoid misunderstandings if a simple translation is confusing to most readers. 5. Metaphor is translated by paraphrasing 61 . This method can be applied to any type of text and is preferable when replacing the image of the source language with the image of the target language is too broad in terms of meaning, and the emotional aspect can be lost. Thus, one should analyze the meaning of the metaphor componentially or use literal language. 6. Removing the metaphor. This is a radical approach because it removes metaphor together with the meaning component, if it is redundant, which will lead 61 Nida E., Taber C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. – Leiden: Brill, 2003. P. 218. 61 to the loss of the image. The translator must make an informed decision by determining what is more important and less important in the text. Such deletion occurs if the function of the metaphor is performed elsewhere in the text. 7. Combining metaphors with the same meaning. Sometimes the translator wants make sure the image is understood correctly, so it conveys the same metaphor along with its meaning. This may indicate a lack of confidence in the power and clarity of the metaphor, but it can also be helpful if the metaphor is repeated. Repetition will save the image that the reader will not need to further explanation. In this research, we had an attempt to analyze and compare translations of the poem "Winter Night" by Christopher Barnes, Lydia Pasternak- Slater, Anthony Kline, and in particular the transfer of metaphors of the original work according to Newmark's methods. 62 The poetic style of Pasternak of different periods remains one of the most difficult to translate. At first glance, it may seem that this is a complex early verse based on many word games, which loses the most when translated into other languages. However, successful versions have been produced at various times by translators such as George Reavey, Robert Lowell, Lydia Pasternak Slater, Eugene Cayden, Peter France, and John Stallworthy. Their English poetic translations more or less balance rhythm, rhyme and metaphor in Pasternak's early texts. In his later work, Pasternak consciously cultivated a more transparent poetic system, striving for Pushkin's ideals and pursuing a new and "unheard of" simplicity. At first glance, such a letter should be more favorable for translation. However, Pasternak's poetry of the 1930s and post-war period (including the poems of Doctor Zhivago) remained resistant to the efforts of English translators. There was no shortage of translators, with Michael Harari, Donald Davy and Bernard Gilbert Gurney joining the above.The problem that arises is similar to that faced by the translators of Pushkin or Akhmatova - the simplicity of style seems to present so few technical problems that it can easily lead to banality and emptiness 62 Lyovik V. About accuracy and loyalty. – M., 1987. 62 of expression. It is for this reason that many readers and critics still prefer the simple prose passages from Zhivago's poems, published in the original translation by Max Hayward and Manya Harari, to other more complex attempts at "poetic" translation. There is also no denying the beauty of Gurney's later prose versions, published in the currently available North American editions of the novel, and whose graceful and rounded expression offers a near-perfect version of the original's literal meaning, which is so rich in itself that it partly compensates for the lack of other poetic qualities in these versions. 63 B. Pasternak's metaphor is original and has a huge emotional energy. With the help of figurative meanings, things move from their homes and come into a stormy chaotic movement, designed to capture reality in its natural disorder. The problem of translating Pasternak's metaphor lies in the fact that in a number of cases the accuracy of translation is violated in any approach as a result of a fundamental mismatch of discourses, that is, that, according to the apt expression of Tsv.Todorov, is given “after the language, but before the utterance”. Translations of Boris Pasternak's poems are a clear example of these discrepancies. Let us turn to the metaphors in the poem “Зимняя ночь” Б.Пастернака ("Winter Night" by A.S.Kline and by C.Barnes): Download 1.22 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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