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and we would get up and go down - in the winter - we had to go down to the grove that called him


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Xolboyeva Umida Lexicology Course Paper (1)

and we would get up and go down - in the winter - we had to go down to the grove that called him.
Traditional industries such as agriculture and mining once provided the English language with a rich dialect vocabulary.
Until relatively recently, agricultural buildings were constructed from local building materials and adapted to local farming practices.
Thus, they were given different names in different parts of the country. Although many of these buildings are now obsolete and replaced by more standard structures due to the widespread adoption of modern farming methods, many of the original words are still used in rural communities to refer to their modern counterparts.
OED entry
mistall: stable or shed for cattle. EDD cites usage in Cumberland, Yorkshire and Lancashire and SED fieldwork noted variants across England including beast-house,
byre, cattle-shed, cow-house, cow-hovel, cow-pen, cowshed, cow-stable, cow-stall, lathe, mistall, neat-house, shippon, shuppen and skeeling.
2.3 The lexical meaning of the word can be of two types: denotational and connotational.
One of the functions of words is to express things, concepts, etc. Language users cannot have any knowledge or opinion about the objects or events of the real world around them unless this knowledge is embodied in words that are ultimately essentially the same. meaning to the speakers of that language.
This is the denotative meaning, that is, the component of the lexical meaning that carries out communication. There is no doubt that the doctor knows more about pneumonia than the dancer, but they understand each other by using the word.
The second component of the lexical meaning is the connotational component, the emotional charge, which has some stylistic value of the word.
Words contain an element of emotional evaluation as part of the connotative meaning. The word hawli means a small house or cottage, and also means that it is a dirty, poorly maintained and unpleasant place to live.
Many meanings associated with the names of animals, birds, insects are understood and used by everyone.
e.g.: calf (теля)— a young inexperienced person;
donkey (осел)— a foolish person;
monkey (мавпа)— a mischievous child;
serpent (змія)— a treacherous, malicious person.
But it should be mentioned here that different peoples structure the world differently. E.g.: the word bug has such figurative meanings in the English language as a crazy, foolish person and an enthusiast, the word shark means a swindler. In the Ukrainian language the words жук and акула do not have such meanings. Sometimes words in different languages can have different meanings. E.g.: the word gull means a fool, a swindler, in the Ukrainian language the word чайка can be applied to a woman or a girl. The word hawk possesses a negative meaning in the English language (a deceiver), the word сокіл is applied to a handsome and strong young man.
Metals possess well-established connotations, derived from their individual qualities. The word gold is associated with great worth. Iron and steel connote strength, brass - audacity, lead — sluggishness or weight.
Words can also have an element of emotional force as part of their connotative meaning. It is, in fact, one of the objective semantic properties inherent in some words as linguistic units and forming part of the connotative value. These are, for example, words of stylistic color that are synonymous with their neutral counterparts: boy - boy - boy; girl - girl - girl - girl - lassie.
In interjections this meaning is known to prevail.
We must distinguish between the emotional element inherent in some words, which naturally forms part of the meaning, and the subjective use of words which have no other emotional color.
In real speech, expressive nuances can be obtained in different ways. In different contexts, linguistic or situational, words devoid of any emotional element can have a special expressive function, depending on the speaker's attitude to the interlocutor or to what is being said.
There are several other types of lexical meaning. They are abstract and concrete (hope, love - mirror, book); primary and secondary (the wall of the room is the wall of misunderstanding); bookish and colloquial (young man - left, young man).



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