Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

59. What meanings can be found in the semantic structure of the word?
Answer: They are two: Denotative and connotative meaning of the word. Denotational meaning makes communication possible because words denote things, concepts, they name them. For example. the denotational meaning of the word «table» is a piece of furniture consisting of a flat top with four supports (called legs). . . . words refer not only to thing but to the user's own feelings. The common term for the word's objective reference is «denotation». The common term for a word's emotional content is connotation. «Fragrance» (аромат), reek (вонь скверный запах) оdor (запаз, аромат) denote «smell». But «fragrance» connotes the speaker's approval of the smell, «reek» connotes his «revulsion (ҳис туйғуни бирдан шзгариши- внезапные изменение чувств) and «odor» carries no connotation at all. Thus, the connotational meaning is a meaning which has a stylistic shade. It serves to express all sorts of emotions, expressiveness. Connotation may be shortly defined as emotional and evaluative component of the lexical meaning, Comparing the meanings of English words «well-known», «famous», notorious» we see that all these words express the denotational meaning «widely known». But the word «famous» has a positive evaluative meaning and «notorious has a negative evaluation. So, the words «well-known», «famous», «no-torious» differ in their emotional colouring and evaluation.
60. Define the types of borrowed words according to classification:
First of all we should know the classification of borrowed words:
1. Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages, they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc.