Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

54. Find 5 PhUs with a weather component in English/Russian/Uzbek and analyse their types
Answer: 1. On cloud nine-extremely happy-idiomatic
2. A storm in a teacup- a small problem, which has been blow out of proportion- idiomatic
3. To have one's head on clouds- to be out of touch with reality; to be daydreaming- idiophraseomatic
4. To get wind of something- hear a rumour of something-idiomatic
5. To rain cats and dogs- to rain very hard-idiophraseomatic
55. What types of cognitive structures can be represented by PhUs?
56. What is the principle of “functionalism” as a linguistic trend?
Answer: A functional approach analyses language as a tool which performs many tasks, and in terms of the uses, or functions, that language or language units, perform in speech/utterance. Functionalism was developed by William James, an American psychologist in 1890; He claimed that the mental act of consciousness is an important biological function, and we have to understand these functions to discover how the mental processes are reflected in speech; Focus is on the use of language in real situations (performance), as well as underlying knowledge (competence).
57. What is an archaism? Provide phraseological examples
Answer: Archaism is the use of very old language. In other words, when read today, archaic writing stands out because it looks old-fashioned. Examples: the Black Death- epidemic Bubonic plague in Europe in XIV; Knight of the Round Table- one of the knights of legendary King Arthur; a hog in armour- to feel I'll at ease; a straight arrow- an honest and genuine person;
58. What is a pragmatic function? How is it related with PhUs?
Answer: The major function of any unit of language including the phraseological unit is the pragmatic function, i.e. purposeful influence of a language sign on the addressee;
•The pragmatic orientation is peculiar to any text, and phraseological units can intensify the pragmatic factor through a number of functions: stylistic, cumulative, evaluative, expressive, directive, descriptive, etc.