Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

46. What are the basic functions of metaphor and metonymy?
Answer: The function of metonymy is used to develop literary symbolism, giving more profound meaning to otherwise standard ideas and things. Texts which use metonymy can delve deeper into the semantics of human languages and the manner in which thoughts are connected. Metonymy also helps conciseness, allowing the user to group together many things under the umbrella of one term in either speech or written word. Metonymy also adds color and vivid symbolism to ordinary words in writing or poetry.
Metaphors can have different functions in various contexts of human communication. Three main functions of metaphor are: the emotive, the persuasive, and the cognitive function. In the first, a metaphor serves to express and transfer emotional attitudes; in the 2, it serves to persuade the audience with respect to a course of action or a point of view; and in the third, it serves to express cognitive insights.
47. What are comparative verbal phraseological units? Provide examples
Answer: Comparative verbal PhUs usually include as their first element such verbs as feel, look, fight, run, sell, drink, eat, sleep, swim, etc. Examples: look like a million dollars/look like nothing on earth; feel like a fish out of water/to swim like a fish; feel like a boiled rag; live like a lord;
48. Explain how traditionally free word-groups can be developed into phrasemes or idioms. Provide examples 
Answer: Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process whereas idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.
49. What ways of forming phraseologisms do you know?
Answer: They are two:
Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group :
a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of phraseological units by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, For example. in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: «launching pad» in its terminological meaning is «учиш майдони» (стартовая плошадка) , in its transferred meaning – «юбориш манзили» (отправной пункт), «to link up» -«алоқа ўрнатмоқ» (стыковать) in its tranformed meaning it means – «танишмоқ» (знакомиться);
b) a large group of phraseological units was formed from free word groups by transforming their meaning, For example. «granny farm» - «қарилар пансионати» (пансионат для престарелых), «Troyan horse» - «компьютер учун дастур» (компьютерная программа, преднамеренно составленная для повреждения компьютера);
c) phraseological units can be formed by means of alliteration , For example. «a sad sack» - «бахтли воқеа» (счастный случай) «culture vulture» - «санъатга ишқибоз одам» (человек, интересующийся искуством); d) they can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, For example. «My aunt!», « Hear, hear !» etc;