Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

2. Translation loans are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-morpheme ) translations of some foreign words or expressions. In such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units, «to take the bull by the horns» (Latin), «fair sex» ( French), «living space» (German) etc. Some translation loans appeared in English from Latin already in the Old English period, For example. Sunday (solis dies). There are translation loans from the languages of Indians, such as: «pipe of peace», «pale-faced», from German «masterpiece», «homesickness», «superman».
3. Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when we have two relative languages which have common words with different meanings, For example. there are semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English, such as the meaning «to live» for the word «to dwell' which in Old English had the meaning «to wander».
4. Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language, For example we can find a lot of Romanic affixes in the English word-building system, that is why there are a lot of words - hybrids in English where different morphemes have different origin, For example. «goddess», «beautiful» etc.
5. Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, For example. addio (Italian), tete-a-tete (French), dolce vita (Italian), duende (Spanish), an homme a femme (French), gonzo (Italian) etc.
Examples:
• Bon voyage-non-assimilated borrowing
• Flop the test-phonetic borrowing (the word flop means "to fail, a failure", which is changed form of the word flap ( fall or drop heavily) which is taken from the word related to Saterland Frisian Flappert (“wing, flipper”), Middle Dutch flabbe (“a blow; slap on the face; fly-flap; flap”) (modern Dutch flap (“flap”)), Middle Low German flabbe , vlabbe , flebbe, from the verb
• Pandora's box -non-assimilated borrowing
61. How are conceptual metaphors in PhUs created? Give examples

Conceptual metaphors : abstract thing is explained with much more concret thing. There are target domain and source domain in creating conceptual metaphors. For example Anger is fire

Smoke is coming out of his ear phraseological unit

62 What do you understand as semantic motivation?

Semantic motivation- Semantic motivation is related to the extension of the central meaning of the word, permitting it to include new referents (objects or ideas to which the word refers).For example, a woman who has given birth is called a mother; by extension, any act that gives birth is associated with being a mother, e.g. in Necessity is the mother of invention.

63 .What is the difference between nominative and nominative-communicative phraseological units? Provide examples

In nominative phraseological units main component is noun. (Dog in the manger) whereas in nominative-communicative it is a verb. Also in nominative-communicative phraseological units can be used both in active and passive voice. Break the ice. Ice was broken

64. Explain the theory of conceptual blending in PhUs and give examples

65.What adverbial types of phraseological units do you know?
Manner-
Place - at the head of, on top of the world
Time : once in a blue moon

66. What is a grammatical valency? Can it be violated in PhUs? Provide examples

Aptness of the word to come in different grammatical structures.

It can be violated in phraseological unit. For example in the idiom "Easy does it" (meaning be careful). Here easy is adjective and instead of it, noun in singular form should be used according to grammar rule.

67. Explain the difference between separable and inseparable phrasal verbs

Separable pharsal verbs allow us to insert word that's object in the middle. We can separate the components of pharsal verbs.
For example : take the flower back
We can also say take it bak
Inseparable phrasal verbs can be transitive (i.e., they can take a direct object), but you can’t insert that direct object into the middle of the phrasal verb. In other words, they can’t be separated, thus their name. Consider the following examples:

If you focus your education solely on one area, you’ll have nothing to fall back on if you change your mind.

Each child should have at least one older child to look up to .

What does i.e. stand for ? It stands for id est, or that is.

68. What is a semantic field? How does it differ from a semantic class?

Semantic field is a set of words united by meaning; the set of meanings a word can have in the different contexts in which it finds itself. Words related in any sense belonged to the same semantic field.

For example, a mother's semantic field includes: mother-family, single mother, earth-mother, motherland, mother language…
The semantic field of piece: centerpiece, masterpiece, mantelpiece.
A semantic class contains words that share a semantic feature. For example within nouns there are two sub classes, concrete nouns and abstract nouns. The concrete nouns include people, plants, animals, materials and objects while the abstract nouns refer to concepts such as qualities, actions, and processes. According to the nature of the noun, they are categorized into different semantic classes. Semantic classes may intersect. The intersection of female and young can be girl.
69. What is a cognitive function of proverbs and sayings?
Proverbs are considered as personal social strategies of survival. In these categories I see that the main functions of proverbs deal with maintaining the speaker's emotional and cognitive balance or to find a cognitive solution in conflicting situations.

70. Comprise a phraseosemantic group denoting ‘anger’ and analyse its members according to various classifications

71. Which phraseological unit is motivated/partially motivated/non-motivated?

• 
  To pull the devil by the tail
  
• 
  The cream of the society
  
• 
  To curl one’s lips
  

To pull the devil by the tail - non- motivated

Cream of the society- partially motivated
Curl one's lips - motivated
72. What types of phraseological meaning do you know?

Idiomatic - spill the beans

Idiophraseomatic- pay attention
Phraseomatic - pass exam, take exam

73. What are ‘anti-proverbs’? Explain the cognitive process of their formation with examples

Juxtaposition of original proverb with innovative variation
Absence makes the heart grow fonder, absence makes the heart go wander
Experience is best teacher, experience is the best teacher.
74. What is a hyponym? Provide examples of hyponymic PhUs

Hyponym - giving specific meaning rather than general meaning . Spoon is hyponym of cutlery

Blue collar - hyponym of manual workers.

75. What is the commonly accepted definition of a stable word group?

Stable word group -ready made do not allow substitution of components, meaning is partially or fully motivated The whole expression functions as single syntactic unit . Example: kick the bucket, drunk as lord, as mad as hatter.
Free word group: work hard, stone wall.