Modern trends and concepts in Phraseology

109. Find 3 PhUs with different degree of transparency of meaning and analyse their types.
The degree of transparency of idioms can vary on a scale from the almost literal , as in the expression to feel like a fish out of water( meaning to feel awkward in unfamiliar surroundings) phraseomatic
To the semi-literaL , as in to fish smth out( meaning to retrieve smth) idiophraseomatic
to the totally obscure, or idiomatic , as in the case of red herring or that’s a different kettle of fish ( idiomatic)
110. What is a denotative meaning? How does it differ in words and PhUs? Provide examples. Denotative meaning only names the object without indicating its positive or negative qualities. Words like table, book, account, and meeting are denotative by nature.
Connotative meaning, on the other hand, contains qualitative judgments and personal reactions. Words like honest, competent, cheap, sincere, etc., are connotative by nature.
Denotative meaning as primary meaning can be changed by generalisation (‘man’ as human being) or specialisation (OE girl – any child, in ModE – female child);
Connotative meaning is secondary, associated or implied meaning of a word. It varies according to such factors as culture, historical period, social class and general real-life experience of a speaker or writer.
Connotation can be ameliorated (improved) or pejorated (deteriorated) due to the aim of the speaker/writer and his choice of the associative meaning laid down in the semantic structure.
111. Identify free and stable word-groups
● Red flower- stable
● Give and take -free
● Spill the milk-stable
● Meet each other halfway-free
112. Why is phraseology called “the storage of nation’s wisdom”? Give examples
113. What semantic groups of phraseological units do you know?
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words begin, start, commence.
. An antonym is a word having a meaning opposite to that of another word, such as hot and cold, short and tall.