In the 1990s the World Wide Web, an application designed to ride on top of TCP/IP, accelerated expansion of the Internet to avalanche speed. Conceived by Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the CERN nuclear research facility near Geneva, it was the product, he said, of his "growing realization that there was a power in arranging ideas in an unconstrained, weblike way." He adopted a venerable computer sciences idea called hypertext—a scheme for establishing nonlinear links between pieces of information—and came up with an architectural scheme for the Internet era. His World Wide Web allowed users to find and get text or graphics files—and later video and audio as well—that were stored on computers called servers. All the files had to be formatted in what he termed hypertext markup language (HTML), and all storage sites required a standardized address designation called a uniform resource locator (URL). Delivery of the files was guided by a set of rules known as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and the system enabled files to be given built-in links to other files, creating multiple information paths for exploration. In the 1990s the World Wide Web, an application designed to ride on top of TCP/IP, accelerated expansion of the Internet to avalanche speed. Conceived by Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the CERN nuclear research facility near Geneva, it was the product, he said, of his "growing realization that there was a power in arranging ideas in an unconstrained, weblike way." He adopted a venerable computer sciences idea called hypertext—a scheme for establishing nonlinear links between pieces of information—and came up with an architectural scheme for the Internet era. His World Wide Web allowed users to find and get text or graphics files—and later video and audio as well—that were stored on computers called servers. All the files had to be formatted in what he termed hypertext markup language (HTML), and all storage sites required a standardized address designation called a uniform resource locator (URL). Delivery of the files was guided by a set of rules known as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and the system enabled files to be given built-in links to other files, creating multiple information paths for exploration.
Although the World Wide Web rapidly found enthusiasts among skilled computer users, it didn't come into its own until appealing software for navigation emerged from a supercomputing center established at the University of Illinois by NSF. There, two young computer whizzes named Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina created a program called Mosaic, which made Web browsing so easy and graphically intuitive that a million copies of the software were downloaded across the Internet within a few months of its appearance in April 1993. The following year Andreessen helped form a company called Netscape to produce a commercial version of Mosaic. Other browsers soon followed, and staggering quantities of information moved onto servers: personal histories and governmental archives; job listings and offerings of merchandise; political tracts, artwork, and health information; financial news, electronic greeting cards, games, and uncountable other sorts of human knowledge, interest, and activity—with the whole indescribable maze changing constantly and growing exponentially. Although the World Wide Web rapidly found enthusiasts among skilled computer users, it didn't come into its own until appealing software for navigation emerged from a supercomputing center established at the University of Illinois by NSF. There, two young computer whizzes named Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina created a program called Mosaic, which made Web browsing so easy and graphically intuitive that a million copies of the software were downloaded across the Internet within a few months of its appearance in April 1993. The following year Andreessen helped form a company called Netscape to produce a commercial version of Mosaic. Other browsers soon followed, and staggering quantities of information moved onto servers: personal histories and governmental archives; job listings and offerings of merchandise; political tracts, artwork, and health information; financial news, electronic greeting cards, games, and uncountable other sorts of human knowledge, interest, and activity—with the whole indescribable maze changing constantly and growing exponentially. By the end of the 20th century the Internet embraced some 300,000 networks stretching across the planet. Its fare traveled on optical fibers, cable television lines, and radio waves as well as telephone lines—and the traffic was doubling annually. Cell phones and other communication devices were joining computers in the vast weave. Some data are now being tagged in ways that allow Web sites to interact. What the future will bring is anyone's guess, but no one can fail to be amazed at the dynamism of networking. Vinton Cerf, one of the Internet's principal designers, says simply: "Revolutions like this don't come along very often."
1962 Kleinrock thesis describes underlying principles of packet-switching technology Leonard Kleinrock, a doctoral student at MIT, writes a thesis describing queuing networks and the underlying principles of what later becomes known as packet-switching technology. 1962 ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office J. C. R. Licklider becomes the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later known as DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). Licklider articulates the vision of a "galactic" computer network—a globally interconnected set of processing nodes through which anyone anywhere can access data and programs. 1962 Kleinrock thesis describes underlying principles of packet-switching technology Leonard Kleinrock, a doctoral student at MIT, writes a thesis describing queuing networks and the underlying principles of what later becomes known as packet-switching technology. 1962 ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office J. C. R. Licklider becomes the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later known as DARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). Licklider articulates the vision of a "galactic" computer network—a globally interconnected set of processing nodes through which anyone anywhere can access data and programs.
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