Neteenth century
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Lecture 7 The invasion of Russian Empire to Turkestan
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1613)
, Orenburg ( 1743) , Orsk ( 1735) . Troi tsk ( 1743) , Petropavl ovsk ( 1753) , Omsk ( 1716) , Pavl odar ( 1720) , Semi pal i ti nsk ( 1718) U st-Kamenogorsk ( 1720) . Ural skwasanol dsettl ementoff reeCossacks.Orenburg,OrskandTroi tsk werefoundedasaresul tofthe Bashki rWar about1740andthi ssecti on wascal l edtheOrenburgLi ne.Orenburgwasl ongthebasef rom whi ch Russi awatchedandtri edtocontroltheKazakhsteppe.Thef oureastern fortswereal ongthe I rtyshRi ver.Af terChi naconquered Xi nj i ang i n1759 bothempi reshadaf ewborderpostsnearthecurrentborder. 1839:Fai l edattackonKhi va I n1839Russi aattemptedtoconquerKhi va. Vasi l yPerovsky marchedabout 5000mensouthf romOrenburg.Thewi nterwasunusual l ycol d,mostofhi s camel sdi edandhewasf orcedtoturnback. 1847–1853:SyrDaryal i ne Orenburg Rai msk Kazal i nsk Ak-Mechet Jul ek Khi va Kokand Turkestan Vernoye ( 1854) Syr-DaryaLi neandBattl esofAkMechet SyrDarya( Jaxartes)Basi n Southwardfrom theSi beri anLi netheobvi ousnextstepwasal i neofforts al ongthe SyrDarya eastwardf rom theAralSea.Thi sbroughtRussi ai nto confl i ctwi ththeKhanofKokand.I ntheearl y19thcenturyKokandbegan expandi ng northwest f rom the Ferghana Val l ey.About 1814 they took Hazrat-i -Turkestan on the SyrDarya and around 1817 bui l t Ak- Mechet ( ' Whi teMosque' )f urtherdownri ver,aswel lassmal l erf ortsonboth si desofAk-Mechet.Theareawasrul edbytheBegofAkMechetwhotaxed thel ocalKazakhswhowi nteredal ongtheri verandhadrecentl ydri venthe Karakal pakssouthward.I npeaceti meAk-Mechethadagarri sonof50and Jul ek40.TheKhanofKhi vahadaweakf ortonthel owerpartoftheri ver. Gi venPerovsky' sfai l urei n1839Russi adeci dedonasl owbutsureapproach. I n1847Captai nSchul tzbui l tRai mski ntheSyrdel ta.I twassoonmoved upri verto Kazal i nsk.Bothpl aceswereal socal l edFortAral sk.Rai dersfrom Khi vaandKokandattackedthel ocalKazakhsnearthefortandweredri ven of f by the Russi ans.Three sai l i ng shi ps were bui l t at Orenburg, di sassembl ed,carri edacrosstosteppeandrebui l t.Theywereusedtomap thel ake.I n1852-1853twosteamerswerecarri edi npi ecesfrom Sweden andl aunchedontheAralSea.Thel ocal Saxaul provi ngi mpracti cal ,they hadtobef uel edwi thanthraci tebroughtfrom theDon.Atotherti mesa steamerwoul dtowabarge-l oadof saxaul andperi odi cal l ystoptorel oad f uel .TheSyrprovedtobeshal l ow,f ul lofsandbarsanddi f f i cul ttonavi gate duri ngthespri ngfl ood. I n 1852 asurveyi ng partywentupri verand wasturned backbefore reachi ngAk-Mechet.ThatsummerCol onelBl arambergandabout400men weresenttorazeAk-MechetonthepretextthatRussi aownedthenorth si deoftheri ver.TheKokandi srespondedbybreaki ngthedykesand f l oodi ngthesurroundi ngarea.Havi ngbroughtnoscal i ngl addersorheavy arti l l ery,Bl arambergsawthathecoul dnottaketheci tadelwi thi ts25-foot -hi ghwal l s.Hetheref orecapturedtheoutworks,burnteverythi ngi nthe area and reti red to Fort Aral sk.The l ater-famous Yakub Beg had commandedthefortatoneti me,buti ti snotcl eari fhewasi ncommand duri ngthi sfi rstbattl e.NextsummertheRussi ansassembl edaf orceof over2000men,over2000eachofhorses,camel sandoxen,777wagons, bri dgi ngti mber,pontoonsandthesteamer“ Perovsky” .Toguaranteethat therewoul dbeenoughf oddertomovethi smuchf rom OrenburgtoFort Aral sk,theKazakhsweref orbi ddentograzethel andsnorthofthef ort. Commandwasgi ventothesamePerovskywhoearl i erhadfai l edtoreach Khi va.Hel eftAral ski n JuneandreachedAk-Mecheton Jul y2.The Kokandi shadstrengthenedthef ortandi ncreasedthegarri son.Aregul ar si egewasbegun.Whenthetrenchesnearedtheci tadel ,ami newasdug underthewal l s.At3a. m.on9August1853themi newasexpl oded, creati ngal argebreach.Thebreachwastakenonthethi rdtryandby4: 30 a. m.i twasal lover.230Kokandibodi eswerecountedoutoftheori gi nal 300-mangarri son.Thepl acewasrenamedFortPerovsky. Duri ngthesi egePadurovwent100mi l esupri vertoJul ekandf oundthati ts defendershadfl ed.Hewreckedthef ortaswel lashecoul dandreturned wi th i tsabandoned guns.I n Septembera l arge f orce f rom Kokand reoccupi edJul ekandadvancedtowardFortPerovsky.Thecol umnsentto meetthem hadahardday’ sf i ght,cal l edf orrei nf orcementsbutnext morni ngf oundthattheKokandi shadretreated.I nDecemberaKokandi f orce( sai dtobe12000men)surroundedFortPerovsky.A500-mansorti e wassoonsurroundedandi ntroubl e.Maj orShkupa,seei ngtheenemycamp weakl ydef ended,brokeoutandburnedthecamp.Twomoresorti esdrove theKokandi sof fi ndi sorder. Russi anowhel da200-mi l el i neoff ortsal ongthewest-f l owi ngpartofthe SyrDarya.TheareabetweentheAralandCaspi anSeaswastoothi nl y- popul atedtomatter.Thenextquesti onwaswhetherRussi awoul dextend thel i neeasttothemountai ns( FortVernoyewasfoundedi n1854)or conti nuesoutheastuptheri vertoKokandandtheFerghanaVal l ey. 1847–1864:Downtheeasternsi de Atrai ncrossi ngthe Kazakhsteppe I n1847–1864theRussi anscrossedtheeasternKazakhsteppeandbui l ta l i neoff ortsi nthei rri gatedareaal ongthenorthernKyrgyzborder.I n 1864–1868 they moved south,conquered Tashkentand Samarkand, confi nedtheKhanateofKokandtotheFerghanaval l eyandmadeBukhara aprotectorate.Thi swasthemai neventoftheconquest.Thei rri gati on madei tpossi bl etomovearmi eswi thoutcrossi ngsteppeordesert.Thi s wasi mportantwhentransportrequi redgrass-fedhorsesandcamel s.We arenottol dhow Russi asuppl i edanarmythi sFareast,ori fthi swasa probl em.I ti snotcl earwhyaf orwardpol i cywasnow adopted.I tseems thatdi fferentoffi ci al shaddi f f erentopi ni onsandmuchwasdeci dedby l ocalcommandersand thel uckofthebattl ef i el d.Al lsourcesreport Russi anvi ctori esovergreatl ysuperi orforceswi thki l lrati osapproachi ng tentoone.Eveni fenemynumbersareexaggeratedi tseemscl earthat Russi anweaponsandtacti cswerenow superi ortothetradi ti onalAsi an armi esthattheyfaced.Al lsourcesmenti onbreachl oadi ngri f l eswi thout furtherexpl anati on. Berdanri fl es arementi onedwi thoutgi vi ngnumbers. MacGahan,i nhi saccountoftheKhi vancampai gn,contrastsexpl osi ve arti l l erytotradi ti onalcannonbal l s.Arti l l eryandri fl escoul doftenkeep Russi asol di ersoutofreachofhandweapons. Mountai n-steppeboundarynearBi shkek Advancefrom thenortheast( 1847–1864) : TheeasternendoftheKazakh steppewascal l ed Semi rechye bytheRussi ans.Southofthi s,al ongthe modernKyrgyzborder,the Ti enShan mountai nsextendabout400mi l esto thewest.Watercomi ngdownfrom themountai nsprovi desi rri gati onf ora l i neoftownsandsupportsanaturalcaravanroute.Southofthi smountai n proj ecti oni sthedensel y-popul ated FerghanaVal l ey rul edbythe Khanate ofKokand.SouthofFerghanai sthe TurkestanRange andthenthel andthe anci entscal l ed Bactri a.Westofthe northern range i sthe greatci ty of Tashkent and west of the southern range i s Tamerl ane’ s ol d capi tal Samarkand. Vernoye Pi shpek Tokmak Aul i eAta Kokand Chi mkent Tashkent Samarkand Russi anexpansi onal ongthemountai nsofKyrgyzstan1854–1864 I n1847 Kopalwasf oundedsoutheastofLakeBal kash.I n1852 Russi a crossedthe I l iRi ver andmetKazakhresi stanceandnextyeardestroyedthe KazakhfortofTuchubek.I n1854theyfoundedFortVernoye( Al maty) wi thi nsi ghtofthemountai ns.Vernoyei sabout500mi l essouthofthe Si beri anLi ne.Ei ghtyearsl ater,i n1862,Russi atookTokmak( Tokmok)and Pi shpek( Bi shkek) .Russi apl acedaforceattheKastekpasstobl ocka counterattackf rom Kokand.TheKokandi susedadi f ferentpass,attacked ani ntermedi atepost,Kol pakovskyrushedf rom Kastekandcompl etel y defeatedamuchl argerarmy.I n1864Chernayev tookcommandoftheeast, l ed2500menf romSi beri a,andcapturedAul i e-Ata( Taraz) .Russi awasnow nearthewestendofthemountai nrangeandabouthal f waybetween Download 1.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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