Neteenth century
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Lecture 7 The invasion of Russian Empire to Turkestan
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ttl e agai nstthe Russi ans'modern weaponsand expl osi ve arti l l ery.Asusual ,themai nprobl em wasmovi ngmenandsuppl i esacross thedesert. 1879:Lomaki n' sdefeatatGeokTepe: Lazarevl andedal argef orceat Chi ki shl yarandbeganmovi ngmenandsuppl i esuptheAtrekRi ver.Hedi ed suddenl yandLomaki ntookcommand.Lomaki ncrossedtheKopetDagh wi thtoof ew men,madeani ncompetentattackonGeokTepeandwas f orcedtoretreat.Skobel ev' sbl oodyvi ctoryatGeokTepe: Skobel evwasput i nchargei nMarch1880.Hespentmostofthesummerandf al lmovi ngmen andsuppl i esfrom Chi ki shl yartothenorthsi deoftheKopetDagh.I n Decemberhemarchedsouthwest,besi egedGeokTepef oramonthand tooki tbybl owi ngupami neunderi tswal l s.Atl east14000Tekkeswere ki l l ed.Aweekl aterheoccupi ed Ashkabat 25mi l essoutheast,butcoul dgo nofurther.I nMay1881theoccupi edareawasannexedasthe Transcaspi an Obl ast.TheeasternboundaryoftheObl astwasundef i ned. 1884:Theannexati onofMerv: The Trans-Caspi anRai l way reached Kazyl Arbat atthenorthwestendoftheKopetDaghi nmi d-September1881.I n OctoberthroughDecemberLessarsurveyedthenorthsi deoftheKopet Daghandreportedthattherewoul dbenoprobl embui l di ngarai l wayal ong i t.From Apri l1882heexami nedthecountryal mosttoHeratandreported thatwerenomi l i taryobstacl esbetweentheKopetDaghandAf ghani stan. Nazi rovorNazi rBegwenttoMervi ndi sgui seandthencrossedthedesert toBukharaandTashkent. Thei rri gatedareaal ongtheKopetDaghendseastofAshkebat.Further easttherei sdesert,thenthesmal loasi sof Tej ent,moredesertandthe muchl argeroasi sof Merv.Mervhadthegreatf ortressofKaushutKhanand wasi nhabi tedbythesameTekkesthatf oughtatGeokTepe.Assoonasthe Russi answereestabl i shedi nAshkabadtraders,andal sospi es,began movi ngbetweentheKopetDaghandMerv.Someel dersf rom Mervwent northtoPetroal exandrovskandofferedadegreeofsubmi ssi ontothe Russi ansthere.TheRussi ansatAshkebathadtoexpl ai nthatbothgroups werepartofthesameempi re.I nFebruary1882Al i khanovvi si tedMervand begantal ki ngtoMakhdum Kul iKhanwhohadbeeni ncommandatGeok Tepe.I nSeptemberhepersuadedhi m totakeanoathofal l egi ancetothe Whi teCzar. Skobel evhadbeenrepl acedbyRohrbergi nthespri ngof1881,whowas fol l owedGeneralKomarovi nthespri ngof1883.Neartheendof1883, GeneralKomarovl ed1500mentooccupytheTej endoasi s.Af terKomarov’ s occupati onofTej endAl i khanovandMakhdum Kul iKhanwenttoMervand cal l edameeti ngofel ders,onethreateni ngandtheotherpersuadi ng. Havi ngnowi shtorepeatthesl aughteratGeokTepe,28el derswentto AshkabadandonFebruary12tookanoathofal l egi ancei nthepresenceof GeneralKomarov.Af acti oni nMervtri edtoresi stbutwastooweakto accompl i shanythi ng.OnMarch16,1884Komarovoccupi edMerv.The subj ectKhanatesofKhi vaandBokharawerenowsurroundedbyRussi an terri tory. 1885:Expansi onstoppedatPanj deh: BetweenMervandthecurrentAf ghan borderi sabout140mi l esofsemi -desert.Southofthati sthei mportant borderf ortofHerat.I nthesummerof1884Bri tai nandRussi aagreedto f ormal i zethenorthwestAfghanborder.TheRussi ansdi dwhattheycoul d topushthebordersouthbeforei tbecamefrozen.Whentheycapturedthe Af ghanfortofPanj dehBri tai ncamecl osetothreateni ngwar.Bothsi des backeddownandtheborderwasdel i neatedbetween1885and1886.Fora f ul l eraccountsee Panj dehi nci dent. 1872–1895:TheEasternMountai ns The naturaleastern boundaryofRussi an Turkestan wasthe eastern mountai ns,buttheexactl i nehadtobesettl ed.Therewerefourmai n probl ems. 1867–1877:YakubBeg: EastoftheFeghanaVal l eyandsoutheastofFort Vernoyeontheothersi deofthemountai nsi stheoval Tari m Basi n whi ch had bel onged to Chi na si nce 1759. Duri ng the Dungan Revol t ( 1862–77) Chi nal ostparti alcontrolofi tswestern terri tori es.A man named YakubBeg madehi msel fmasterof Kashgar andmostoftheTari m Basi n.Kauf manntwi cethoughtofattacki nghi m.I n1872f orceswere massedontheborderbutthi swascal l edof fbecauseofthei mpendi ngwar agai nstKhi va.I n1875moreseri ouspl answeremade.Ami ssi onwassentto theKhanofKokandtoaskpermi ssi ontomoveforcesthroughhi sdomai ns. Arevol tbrokeoutandtheRussi antroopswereusedi nsteadtoannex Kokand.I n1877Chi nare-conqueredtheTari m Basi nandYakubBegwas ki l l ed. I l iRi verbasi n.Yi ni ngi sKul j a,Al matyi sFortVernoye.Tari m Basi natl ower ri ght. 1871–1883:temporaryoccupati onofKul j a: TheTi enShanmountai nsrun al ong the northern border ofKyrgyzstan.They conti nue east and separate Dzungari a i nthenorthf rom the Tari m Basi n i nthesouth.Onthe Chi nese si de the Borohoro Mountai ns branch of fcreati ng the upper I l i Ri ver val l ey wi th i ts capi talofKul j a ( modern Yi ni ng Ci ty) .Al though normal l y partofDzungari a the val l ey opensoutonto the Russi an- control l edsteppe.I n1866theDunganscapturedKul j aandmassacredi ts i nhabi tants.Theysoonbeganf i ghti ngwi ththe Taranchi s ( Ui gurs)whosoon becamedomi nant.I n1870i tappearedthatYakubBegmi ghtmoveonKul j a soKauf mannoccupi edthe MuzartPass.I nJune1871GeneralKol pakovsky crossedtheborderandoccupi edKul j a( 4Jul y1871) .Sometal kedof permanentoccupati onbuttheRussi anForei gnOf f i cetol dtheChi nesethat theprovi ncewoul dbereturnedassoonastheEmperorcoul dsendenough troopsto mai ntai n order.I n 1877 Chi na regai ned controlof Chi nese Turkestan and requested the return ofKul j a.I n September1879 the Chi neseambassadorconcl udedatreatyatLi vadi abuthi sgovernment rej ected i t.Thi swasrepl aced bythe more f avorabl e TreatyofSai nt Petersburg( 1881) .Russi af i nal l yevacuatedKul j ai nthespri ngof1883. Thereweretheusualborderdi sputesandanaddi ti onalprotocolwassi gned atChuguchak( Tacheng)onOctober19,1883.There-occupati onofKul j a wasoneofthef ewChi nesesuccessesagai nstaWesternpowerduri ngthe ni neteenthcentury. 1876:Kokandannexed: By1868theKhanateofKokandhadbeenconfi ned totheFerghanaVal l eyandsurroundi ngmountai ns.Kokandhadal ways beenunstabl ewi thmanytemporaryf acti onsandchangesofregi me.A rebel l i onbrokeouti n1873.ByJul y1875mostoftheKhan’ sarmyandmuch ofhi sfami l yhaddesertedtotherebel s,sohef l edtotheRussi ansatKoj ent al ongwi thami l l i onBri ti shpoundsoftreasure.Therebel swantedtof i ght the Russi ansaswel lasthe Khan and Koj entwasbri efl y besi eged. Kaufmanni nvadedtheKhanateonSeptember1,f oughtseveralbattl esand enteredthecapi talonSeptember10,1875.I nOctoberhetransf erred commandto Mi khai lSkobel ev.Fi ghti ngconti nuedoutsi dethecapi tal .As soon as one group ofrebel s was def eated another woul d appear somewhereel se.Kokandwasf ormal l yannexedonMarch2,1876,but di sorderconti nued,especi al l yi nthemountai ns. Pami rsfromspace Ri ght:Tari mBasi n Left:partofAfghani stan,Hi nduKush,Bactri a,TurkestanRange,Ferghana Val l ey,mai nrangeoftheTi enShan 1893:Pami rsoccupi ed: ThesoutheastcornerofRussi anTurkestanwasthe hi gh Pami rs whi chi snow the Gorno-BadakhshanAutonomousRegi on of Taj i ki stan.Thehi ghpl ateausontheeastareusedf orsummerpasture.On thewestsi dedi ffi cul tgorgesrundowntothe Panjri ver andBactri a.I n 1871 Al exeiFedchenko gottheKhan’ spermi ssi ontoexpl oresouthward.He reachedthe Al ayVal l ey buthi sescortwoul dnotpermi thi m togosouth ontothePami rpl ateau.I n1876Skobel evchasedarebelsouthtotheAl ay Val l eyandKostenkowentoverthe Kyzyl artPass andmappedthearea around KarakulLake onthenortheastpartofthepl ateau.I nthenext20 yearsmostoftheareawasmapped.I n1891theRussi ansi nformed Franci s Younghusband that he was on thei r terri tory and l ater escorted a Li eutenantDavi dsonoutofthearea( ' Pami rI nci dent' ) .I n1892abattal i onof Russi ansunderMi khai lI onoventeredtheareaandcampednearthe present Murghab,Taj i ki stan i nthenortheast.Nextyeartheybui l taproper f ort there ( Pami rski y Post) .I n 1895 thei r base was moved west to Khorog faci ng the Af ghans. I n 1893 the Durand Li ne establ i shed the WakhanCorri dor betweentheRussi anPami rsandBri ti Download 1.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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