Neteenth century
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Lecture 7 The invasion of Russian Empire to Turkestan
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ndi a. TheGreatGame The GreatGame ref erstoBri ti sh attemptstobl ockRussi an expansi on southeasttowardI ndi a.Al thoughtherewasmuchtal kofapossi bl eRussi an i nvasi on ofI ndi a and a numberofBri ti sh agents and adventurers penetratedcentralAsi a,theBri ti shdi dnothi ngseri oustopreventthe Russi anconquestofTurkestan,wi thoneexcepti on.WheneverRussi an agents approached Afghani stan they reacted very strongl y,seei ng Afghani stanasanecessarybuf f erstatef orthedef enseofI ndi a. ARussi ani nvasi onofI ndi aseemsi mprobabl e,butanumberofBri ti sh wri tersconsi deredhowi tmi ghtbedone.Whenl i ttl ewasknownaboutthe geographyi twasthoughtthattheycoul dreachKhi vaandsai luptheOxus toAfghani stan.Morereal i sti cal l ytheymi ghtgai nPersi ansupportand crossnorthernPersi a.Oncei nAfghani stantheywoul dswel lthei rarmi es wi thoffersofl ootandi nvadeI ndi a.Al ternati vel y,theymi ghti nvadeI ndi a and provokeanati verebel l i on.Thegoalwoul d probabl ynotbethe conquestofI ndi abuttoputpressureontheBri ti shwhi l eRussi adi d somethi ngmorei mportantsuchastaki ngConstanti nopl e. I n1801therewassomel oosetal kofaj oi ntFranco-Russi ani nvasi onof I ndi a.Duri ngthe Russo-Persi anWar( 1804–13) bothBri ti shandFrench agentswereacti vei nPersi a,thei rgoal svaryi ngdependi ngonwhi chpower wasal l i edwi thRussi aattheti me.I n1810Charl esChri sti eand Henry Potti nger crossedwesternAf ghani stanandeasternPersi a.Chri sti ewas ki l l edi n1812supporti ngthePersi ansatthe Battl eofAsl anduz.I n1819 Muravi evreachedKhi va.ARussi anmi ssi onreachedBokharai n1820.I n 1825 Moorcrof t reached Bukhara.I n 1830 ArthurConol l y tri ed toreach Khi vaf rom Persi abutwasturnedbackbybandi tsandconti nuedonto HeratandBri ti shI ndi a.I n1832 Al exanderBurnes reachedBukhara. Bri ti sharmyenteri ng Kandahar i n1839 Theperi odf rom 1837to1842wasespeci al l yacti ve.I n1839,attheti meof Perovsky’ sf ai l edattackonKhi va, Abbot wenttoKhi vatonegoti atethe rel easeofRussi ansl aveshel dtherei nordertoremoveapretextf orthe i nvasi on.Hefai l ed.Nextyear Ri chmondShakespear wentaf terhi m,was successful ,andl ed416Russi ansl avestotheCaspi an.I n1837 JanProsper Wi tki ewi cz reachedKabul .I n1838Persi a besi egedHerat,wi thBri ti shand Russi an agentssupporti ng thetwosi des.Bri ttan ended thesi egeby occupyi ngaPersi ani sl and.I n1838 Charl esStoddart wenttoBokharaand wasarrested.I n1841 ArthurConol l y wenttosecurehi srel easeandboth were executed i n 1842.Duri ng the Fi rstAngl o-Af ghan War ( 1839-42) Bri ttani nvadedAfghani stan,wasdri venout,re-i nvadedandwi thdrew. TheBri ti shtookSi ndhi n1843andPunj abi n1849,therebygai ni ngthe I ndusRi verandaborderwi thAf ghani stan.The Cri meanWar occurredi n 1853-56.AsecondPersi anattackonHeratl edtothe Angl o-Persi anWar of 1856–57.The I ndi anMuti ny occurredi n1857–58.Thi swasabouttheti me Russi anwasbui l di ngf ortseastf rom theAralSea( 1847–53) .TheRussi an captureofTashkent( 1865)andSamarkand( 1868)producednoBri ti sh response. I n1875,fol l owi ngtheconquestofKhi va, Frederi ckGustavusBurnaby rode from OrenburgtoKhi va,aneventthatwasonl yi mportantbecauseofhi s wi del y-readbook.Kauf man’ si ntri guesi nKabulprovokedthe SecondAngl o -AfghanWar of1878-80.Duri ngthesecondbattl eofGeokTepeCol onel Charl esStewartwasonthesouthsi deofthemountai ndoi ngsomethi ng thathasneverbeencl ari f i ed. OntheChi nesesi deofthemountai nsal i neofpassescorrespondi ng the Karakoram Hi ghway provi dedatradeandpi l gri m routef rom theTari m Basi ntoI ndi a.I twasnotcl earwhetherthi scoul dbeusedbyanarmy.At theti meofYakubBegbothRussi anandBri ti shagentswereacti veathi s court.Anumberof I ndi ansi ntheBri ti shservi ce mappedtheareaaround thePami rs.Russi anexpansi oni nthePami rsprovokedtheBri ti shtomove northwardandgai ncontrolofpl acesl i ke Hunza and Chi tral . TheRussi anTurkestan( i ncl udi ngKhi vaandBukhara)after1900s TheGreatGamecametoanendwi ththedemarcati onofthenorthern Af ghanborder i n1886 and 1893 andthe Angl o-Russi anEntente of1907. Download 1.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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