Neteenth century
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Lecture 7 The invasion of Russian Empire to Turkestan
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VernoyeandAk-Mechet.
I n1851Russi aandChi nasi gnedthe TreatyofKul j a toregul atetradeal ong whatwasbecomi nganew border.I n1864theysi gnedthe Treatyof Tarbagatai whi chapproxi matel yestabl i shedthecurrentChi nese-Kazakh border.TheChi nesetherebyrenouncedanycl ai mstotheKazakhsteppe,to theextentthattheyhadany. UptheSyrDarya( 1859–1864) : Meanwhi l e,Russi awasadvanci ngsoutheast uptheSyrDaryaf romAk-Mechet.I n1859,Jul ek wastakenf romKokand.I n 1861aRussi anfortwasbui l tatJul ekandYaniKurgan( Zhanakorgan)f i fty mi l esupri verwastaken.I n1862Chernyaevreconnoi teredtheri verasf ar asHazrat-i -Turkestanandcapturedthesmal loasi sofSuzakabout65mi l es eastoftheri ver.I nJune1864Veryovki ntook Hazrat-i -Turkestan f rom Kokand.Hehastenedsurrenderbybombardi ngthefamousmausol eum. TwoRussi ancol umnsmeti nthe150-mi l egapbetweenHazratandAul i e- Ata,therebycompl eti ngtheSyr-DaryaLi ne. 1864–1868:KokandandBukharasubdued Samarkand Bukhara Ji zzakh Khodj ent Khi va Ak-Mechet Kokand Tashkent Chi mkent Turkestan Aul i eAta Jul ek Yani -Kurgan ThedefeatofKokandandBukhara Tashkent( 1865) : About50mi l essouthofthenew l i newasChi mkent ( Shymkent)whi chbel ongedtoKokand.Chernayeveasi l ytooki ton3 October1864.On15Octoberhesuddenl yappearedbeforeTashkent,fai l ed totakei tbysuddenassaul tandretreatedtoChi mkent.Kokandthentri ed andfai l edtore-takeHazrat-i -Turkestan.I nApri l1865Chernayevmadea secondattackonTashkent.Unabl etotakesuchal argepl ace( i twassai dto haveagarri sonof30000)heoccupi edthetown’ swatersuppl yatNi azbek. The KokandRegentAl i m Kul i arri vedwi th6000moretroopsandal most def eatedtheRussi ans,butwaski l l edi nthef i ght.Thei nhabi tantsnow of f eredtosubmi ttotheEmi rofBukharai nreturnf orassi stance.About21 JuneapartyofBukharansenteredthetownandmoreBukharantroops wereonthemove.I nthi scri ti calposi ti onChernayevdetermi nedtori ska storm.At3a. m.on27June,Captai nAbramovscal edthewal landopened theKamal anGate,advancedal ongthewal landopenedasecondgatewhi l e anotherpartytooktheKokandgate.Thatdayandthenexttherewas constantstreetf i ghti ng,butonthemorni ngofthe29thadeputati onof el dersoff eredsurrender. Russi antroopstaki ng Samarkand i n1868 Samarkand( 1868) : TheBukharawasnowi nvol vedi nthewar.I nFebruary 1866Chernayevcrossedthe HungrySteppe totheBukharanf ortof Ji zzakh. Fi ndi ng the task i mpossi bl e,he wi thdrew to Tashkentf ol l owed by Bukharanswhoweresoonj oi nedbyKokandi s.Atthi spoi ntChernayevwas recal l edf ori nsubordi nati onandrepl acedbyRomanovsky.Romanovsky preparedtoattackBuhkara,theAmi rmovedf i rst,thetwoforcesmeton thepl ai nofI rj ar. TheBukharanswerescattered,l osi ngmuchofthei r arti l l ery,suppl i esand treasure.I nstead offol l owi ng up,Romanovsky turnedeastandtook Khoj ent,therebycl osi ngthemouthoftheFerghana Val l ey.HethenmovedwestandtookUra-Tepe andJi zzakhf rom Bukhara. Bukhara began peace negoti ati ons.I n Jul y 1867 a new Provi nce of Turkestanwascreatedandpl acedunder GeneralvonKaufmann wi thi ts headquartersatTashkent.TheBukharanAmi rdi dnotful l ycontrolhi s subj ects,therewererandom rai dsandrebel l i ons,soKauf manndeci dedto hastenmattersbyattacki ngSamarkand.Afterhedi spersedaBukharan forceSamarkandcl osedi tsgatestotheBukharanarmyandsurrendered ( May1868) . Hel ef tagarri soni nSamarkandandl efttodealwi thsome outl yi ng areas. The garri son was besi eged and i n greatdi ff i cul ty unti l Kaufmannreturned.On5Jul y1868apeacetreatywassi gned.TheKhanate ofBukharal ostSamarkandandremai nedasemi -i ndependentvassalunti l therevol uti on.TheKhanateofKokandhadl osti tswesternterri tory,was confi nedtotheFerghanaval l eyandsurroundi ngmountai nsandremai ned i ndependentforabout10years.Accordi ngtotheBregel ' sAtl as,i fnowhere el se,i n 1870thenow-vassalKhanateofBukharaexpandedeastand annexedthatpartofBactri aencl osedbytheTurkestanRange,thePami r pl ateauandtheAf ghanborder. TheCaspi ansi de Astrakhan Guryev Krasnovodsk Al exandrovsk NovoAl ex Ki nderl i Chi ki shl yar Ashuradeh Russi anfortsontheeastsi deoftheCaspi an Russi anowhel danapproxi matel ytri angul arareaboundedbytheeastern mountai nsandthevassalKhanateofBukharaal ongmostoftheOxus.The southernpoi ntwasabout1000mi l essouthofSi beri a,1000mi l essoutheast ofOrenburgand1200mi l essoutheastofthesuppl ybasesontheVol ga. Thenextstepwastoturnthi stri angl ei ntoarectangl ebymovi ngeast acrosstheCaspi anSeaf rom theCaucasus.TheCaucasushel dmanytroops l eftoverfrom the Russi anconquestoftheCaucasus butthe Vi ceroyofthe Caucasus hadsofarnotbeenacti vei nTurkestan.TheCaucasushasaf ai rl y densepopul ati onbuttheeastsi deoftheCaspi ani sdesertwi thsi gni f i cant popul ati on onl y i n the oasesofKhi va and al ong the KopetDag and at Merv i nthesouth.Themai neventswerethedefeatofKhi vai n1873,the conquestoftheTurkomansi n1881,theannexati onofMervi n1884andthe Panj dehareai n1885. Forreference,theseweretheRussi anbasesonthenorthandeastsi deof theCaspi an: Astrakhan ( 1556–) :atthemouthofthe Vol gaRi ver wi thconnecti onsto therestofRussi a Guryev ( 1645–) :asmal lpl aceatthemouthofthe UralRi ver Novo-Al exandrovsk ( 1834–1846) :a shal l ow port that was soon abandoned Al exandrovsk ( 1846–) :i mportantatthi sti mebutnotl ater Kenderl i( 1873) :atemporarybase Krasnovodsk ( 1869–) the best port and l ater headquarters of the Transcaspi anregi on andstartofthe Trans-Caspi anrai l way Chi ki shl yar( 1871–?) :abeachratherthanaport Ashuradeh ( 1837–?)af ortandnavalstati ononl andcl ai medbyPersi a. 1873:TheconquestofKhi va Russi ansenteri ng Khi va i n1873 Thedeci si ontoattackKhi vawasmadei nDecember1872.Khi vawasan oasi ssurroundedbyseveralhundredmi l esofdesert.TheRussi anscoul d easi l ydefeattheKhi vanarmyi ftheycoul dmoveenoughtroopsacrossthe desert.Thepl acewasattackedfrom fi vedi recti ons.Kauf mannmarched westf rom Tashkentandwasj oi nedbyanotherarmycomi ngsouthf rom Aral sk.Theymeti nthedesert,ranshortofwater,abandonedpartofthei r suppl i esandreachedtheOxusi nl ateMay.Veryovki nl ef tf rom Orenburg, hadl i ttl edi ffi cul tymovi ngal ongthewestsi deoftheAralSeaandreached thenorthwestcornerofthedel tai nmi d-May.Hewasj oi nedbyLomaki n whohadahardti mecrossi ngthedesertf rom theCaspi an.Markozov startedfrom Chi ki shl yar,ranshortofwaterandwasf orcedtoturnback. KaufmanncrossedtheOxus,foughtaf eweasybattl esandonJune4the Khansuedforpeace.Meanwhi l e,Veryovki n,whowasoutofcontactwi th Kaufmann,crossedthedel taandattackedtheci tywal l sofKhi vaunti lhe wascal l edoffbyKauf mann.TheKhanateofKhi vabecameaRussi an protectorateandremai nedsounti ltherevol uti on.Foraf ul l eraccount see Khi vancampai gnof1873. 1879–1885:Turkmeni stan:GeokTepe,MervandPanj deh Krasnovodsk Chi ki shl yar PetroAl ex Tej end Merv Geok Tepe Atrek Ri ver Panj deh Bukhara Khi va toHerat PERSI A ConquestofTurkmeni stan1879-1885 =Russi anf ort; =Khanate The KopetDagh Mountai nsrunfrombeyondGeokTepenorthwesttoward Krasnovodsk TheTurkomancountry remai nedunconquered.Theareacorrespondedto the Karakum Desert andwasi nhabi tedbythe Turkoman desertnomads. I rri gati onsupportedasettl edpopul ati onal ongtheAmu-Daryai nthe northeastandal ongthenorthsl opeofthe KopetDag mountai nsi nthe southwest.East ofthe Kopet Dag two ri vers f l owi ng north from Afghani stan supported the oasesof Tej end and Merv.The semi -settl ed popul ati onwoul ddri vethei rf l ocksouti ntothedeserti nspri ngandf al l . TheTurkomanshadnoorgani zedstate.Someservedasmercenari esf or Khi va.Theyhadahabi tofrai di ngPersi aandsel l i ngtheresul ti ngsl avesto Khi va.Theyal sohadabreedof desert-adaptedhorse thatcoul dusual l y outrunanythi ngtheCossackshad.Unl i ketheratheranti quatedarmi esof theKhanates,theTurkomansweregoodrai dersandhorsemen,butthey coul d do l Download 1.95 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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