Neutral words
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Obsolete words
- Historical words
- Barbarisms
Archaisms embrace obsolescent words, obsolete words, historical words and archaisms proper.
It is a well-known fact that the word-stock of any language is constantly changing and renewing. Old words die and new words appear. Before disappearing, a word undergoes the stages of being obsolescent, obsolete and archaic. The beginning of the aging process of a word is marked by decrease in its usage. Rarely used words are called obsolescent (выходящий из употребления; отживающий, устаревающий). To English obsolescent words belong the pronoun thou and its forms thee, thy and thine, the verbs with the ending -est (thou makest, speakest) and the ending -th (he maketh, cometh, hath), hither = here, younder = there and other historical survivals. Obsolete words have gone completely out of usage though they are still recognized by the native speakers (methinks = it seems to me; nay = no). Archaic words belong to Old English and are not recognized nowadays, e.g., hither = here, younder = there, anon = at once, haply = perhaps, morn = morning, eve = evening, damsel =girl. The main function of old words is to create a realistic background to historical works of literature. Historical words designate objects and phenomena which have gone out of use carrying away their names with them, e.g., archer, swain (peasant), vassal. The function of historisms is to create a special atmosphere of a certain epoch belonging to the past, to render the language people used to speak at that time. Barbarisms and foreignisms (foreign loans) have the same origin. They are borrowings from other languages. The part played by all kinds of borrowings in the vocabulary of a language depends upon the history of the nation, and is conditioned by the political, economic cultural ties with other countries. English history contained plenty of opportunities for such contacts and this resulted in many foreign words penetrating into the language. Some of them exist in the wordstock of the language but have synonyms of native origin. They are called barbarisms. The greater part of barbarisms was borrowed into English from French and Latin (parvenu - выскочка; protege - протеже; a propos - кстати; beau monde - высший свет; de novo - сызнова; alter ego - другое «я»; datum= information - сведения, информация; belles-lettres=fiction). Barbarisms are assimilated borrowings. Being part of the English word-stock, they are fixed in dictionaries. Foreign loans (foreignisms) are non-assimilated borrowings occasionally used in speech for stylistic reasons. They do not belong to the English vocabulary and are not registered by lexicographers, e.g., sombrero, rickshaw, borsch. The main function of barbarisms and foreignisms is to create a realistic background to the stories about foreign habits, customs, traditions and conditions of life but the effect of foreign loans is stronger because they are felt as utterly alien to the language of the utterance. Download 481.98 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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