1.
Setting the scene
Fisheries represent an important source of food and livelihood for millions of people around
the world. However, based on Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) analysis of assessed
commercial fish stocks, the share of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels has
decreased since the 1970s and is only starting to recover now.
1
IUU fishing is estimated at
15% of total catches, representing a value of EUR 24 billion annually.
2
Globalisation has provided opportunities for criminal networks to expand the scope and
scale of IUU fishing operations, sometimes in combination with other crimes such as drug
trafficking, forced labour, tax crimes and even financing of terrorist activities (UNODC, 2011;
OECD, 2016).
International organisations support governments in their fight against IUU fishing (Figure 1)
but this activity persists partly due to the difficulty in monitoring all seas in real time. As fish
stocks become scarcer, fish quotas tend to decline further for law-abiding vessels thereby
creating unfair competition from vessels fishing illegally.
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