Of uzbekistan fergana state university

CHAPTER I. BUKHARA IS A CULTURAL CENTER ON THE 
GREAT SILK ROAD 
1.1.History of the nationality of Bukhara 
Relevant national laws and regulations concerning the World Heritage 
property include the Law on Protection and Exploitation of Cultural Heritage 
Properties, 2001. Current laws together with urban planning codes provide 
protection of monuments of cultural heritage and their buffer zones. These 
documents are reflected in the Master Plan of Bukhara city in 2005. In addition, 
the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan approved special Decree 
No. 49 of 23 March 2010 “On State programme on research, conservation, 
restoration and adaptation to modern use of the cultural heritage properties of 
Bukhara until 2020”. At present this state programme is being implemented which 
provides an additional layer for the protection and conservation of the property
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. 
Management of monuments of cultural heritage in Bukhara is carried out by 
the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Uzbekistan at national level 
and Bukhara Regional Inspection for Protection and Utilization of Monuments of 
Cultural Heritage and local authorities at regional level. In the framework of 
protection of cultural heritage of the historic centre of Bukhara, Cabinet of 
Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted a State Programme for complex 
activities on research, conservation, restoration of monuments of cultural heritage 
of the Historic Centre of Bukhara and their adaptation to the modern needs for the 
period 2010-2020. Interventions are strictly regulated in order to ensure the 
integrity and characteristic elements of monuments. During the realization of the 
State Programme the monitoring of monuments will be carried out on a permanent 
base. A management plan, which should include a computerized database, a 
Master Conservation and Development Plan, a scientific monitoring system, an 
infrastructure plan, design guidelines, and guidelines and regulations for all tourist 
services, is required in order to sustain the Outstanding Universal Value of the 
2
Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 
978-0-8122-0531-2 

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property and balance the needs for sustainable development. To maintain the 
conditions of integrity and authenticity, a comprehensive conservation strategy 
needs to be in place, in particular, to remove cultural layers built on later periods 
and to reduce the surface of streets to their historical level. Another important 
aspect is to build capacity in traditional building techniques. At present Urban 
Planning Scientific-Research and Project Institute is developing a project of 
detailed planning of historic centre of Bukhara, which will further address these 
issues.
Sacred Bukhara is one of the tourist gems of Uzbekistan. The historic city 
centre is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The age of the city 
exceeds 2500 years. 
Let us say one thing. You will lose lots, if you not visit Bukhara. Popular 
landmarks.If you want to plunge into the atmosphere of an ancient oriental tale, 
visit the top attractions of Bukhara. 
Bukhara is: 
Architectural Complex Poi-Kalon is recognized by the Shanghai 
Cooperation Organization as the "Eighth Miracle" 
Great minarets, mosques and madrassas; 
Ancient citadels, mausoleums and tombs; 
Centre of the Islamic East and many objects for pilgrimage; 
Ancient centres of trade and crafts. 
The property contains all the attributes that sustain its Outstanding Universal 
Value. Its boundaries and buffer zone are appropriate and adequate. Despite the 
insensitivity of much of the new construction from 1920 until the 1950s and 
earthquake damages, Bukhara retains much of its historic ambience and still has a 
largely intact urban fabric. However, the integrity of the property is threatened by 
aggressive impact of salinity and underground water and by termites causing the 
erosion of wooden structures. In addition, large numbers of the outstanding earthen 
buildings are in some quarters extremely vulnerable due to the deterioration of the 

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historic fabric. Bukhara has preserved a great deal of its urban layout that dates 
from the Sheibanid period. Modern buildings have been erected in the historic 
centre over the past half-century that have destroyed the appearance of some 
quarters, but in others the medieval townscape has survived. The proportion of old 
structures, particularly the public and religious buildings, nonetheless remains 
high, and the historic centre is unquestionably of outstanding significance as an 
exceptional example of a largely medieval Muslim city of Central Asia. In the 
context of regarding the Historic Centre of Bukhara as an entire entity – expressed 
through a variety of attributes including urban setting, form and design, use of 
materials and techniques, functions and tradition – some factors can be recognized 
as having the potential to impact adversely on the authenticity of the property, 
namely: (I) the diminishing use of traditional materials and traditional building 
techniques and introduction of new building materials, as well as new architectural 
details; (II) inadequate documentation of major monuments and urban fabric; (III) 
urban development pressures resulting in inappropriate designs of new structures.
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The climate here can be described as hot and arid in the summer, so if you 
want to travel to Bukhara at this time of the year, be sure to bring an umbrella and 
sunscreen with you. Winters in Bukhara are rather mild, but warm things should 
not be neglected. On Bukhara streets, you can find many different souvenir shops 
and workshops. Sometimes it seems that all souvenirs are the same, but this is not 
true! Each seller have something to surprise you! Bukhara is the weaving capital of 
Uzbekistan! If you want to purchase stylish and modern wardrobe elements with 
the national elements, you should visit Bukhara! Most of the shops are located 
along Lyabi-Hauz Square and in the shopping domes, which are located next to the 
famous Poi-Kalyan Ensemble. In addition to the clothes, you can buy ikat fabric. 
Armani trading house have used such this fabric in its collection. It is, of course, 
not cheap, but its price is fully justified. Bukhara is also famous for its carpets. The 
quality of the carpets is not inferior to the Indian, Pakistani and Iranian, and 
3
Kia, M. (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. Empires 
of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-61069-391-2. Retrieved 10 Feb 2022 

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sometimes even surpass! For exotic lovers, Bukhara can offer musical instruments 
that are made on its territory with special skill or handmade knives. 
The main dish of all cities of Uzbekistan is pilaf. Traveling across the 
regions of the country, you will be surprised how many different types of this dish 
is being prepared. In every city, people are convinced that pilaf of their region is 
the best in the country! Only having tasted it in all regions, you are able to 
understand which one is the best for you. Osh-Sophie is considered dietary because 
of the cooking method. It is being prepared in a peculiar way; it is not mixed, 
unlike in Andijan or Tashkent. Another feature is that it is cooked only in a copper 
cauldron. Bukhara dishes also include khalis or kaish. 
“Ark” is an ancient citadel, which was destroyed and rebuilt many times 
over its thousand-year history and every time it became better and stronger. Now 
you can personally enjoy its greatness and capture it! 
Samanids Mausoleum is located in the historical part of Bukhara. It is a 
prominent representative of the Islamic architecture of Central Asia.
Ismail Samani, the second Emir of the Samanid State, built it. 
Khalifa Niyazkul Madrasah, also known as Chor-Minor, was opened in 
1807. Due to its unusual appearance, both residents and guests love it. 
This majestic city, according to the most conservative estimates, is more 
than 2500 years old and there are many ancient mosques, madrassas and tombs of 
the Islamic saints on its territory. Throughout the history, people have said that 
graceful light descends from heaven to all Muslim cities, but only above Bukhara 
this light will rise to heaven. Bukhara is the only city in Central Asia whose history 
was almost completely documented by the famous historian of the X century – 
Narshakhi. In his writings, he said that no city had as many names as Bukhara. In 
China in the V century, it was called Nyumi, during the Tang Empire, it was called 
An, Ansi, Buho and Buhe. However, most often in history it is mentioned as 
Bukhara. According to the etymologists, this name comes from the Sogdian 
“bukharak”, which translates as “happy place”. Now on the territory of Bukhara 
there are more than 140 monuments belonging to the different eras, quarters and 

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even entire areas, erected more than one century ago, have been preserved. 
Bukhara is also called the city of poetry and fairy tales, as the whole old city is full 
of legends and stories! By the way, the historical part of the city was included in 
the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993 
Located in central Uzbekistan on an oasis in the Zerafshan River Delta, 
Bukhara has long been a haven for travellers traversing the Silk Road. Over the 
centuries, this encouraged many cultural, merchant, educational and religious 
exchanges from Persia, India, China, and Russia, and led Bukhara to serve as a 
major centre in Central Asia. But the significance of the city also made it a target 
for the empires that expanded across the region throughout history, and Bukhara 
has changed hands many times. Each new conqueror and ruler left their mark on 
the city and, today, the historic centre feels like an open-air museum, representing 
every stage of its story.
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The most significant period in Bukhara's history was during the Sheibanid 
dynasty, which made the city its capital in the 16th century. The rulers filled the 
urban centre with madrasas, mosques, and domes, each imposing and impressive in 
its own way. Under their leadership, the city continued to expand economically 
and socially, while the layout changed dramatically with their emphasis on the art 
of cityscapes and architectural design. What you see when you visit today is a 
legacy of the wealth and vision of the Sheibanids. 
While Bukhara was just one of several cities that prospered in the region 
during the Middle Ages, what makes it so special today is that it has been carefully 
preserved. The layout of the streets, their harmony with the residences, businesses 
and monuments around them, and the appearance of the important landmarks has 
not changed in more than 500 years. To this day, Bukhara remains the most 
complete example of a Central Asian medieval city, with its original townscape 
and urban layout. 
4
Baumer, C. (2018). History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1-PA333. ISBN 978-1-
83860-868-2. Retrieved 10 Feb 2022 

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Settlement in Bukhara goes back more than 2,000 years and has long been 
an important trading city, as both a rest stop for caravans at the oasis and a regional 
market for the exchange of goods. By the middle of the first millennia, it had 
become a large urban centre that welcomed people of various religions and races, a 
cultural crossroads where major routes of the Silk Road met. 
After the Arab conquest came through Bukhara in 709 AD, it was chosen as 
the capital city of the independent Samanid kingdom in 892. The city began to 
consolidate its importance along the Silk Road, expanding in its cultural values, 
economic prosperity and intellectual reputation. This expansion led to various 
invasions over the years, with the Karakhanids ruling in the 11th century, Ghengis 
Khan invading in 1220, and the Timurid Empire taking control by 1370. Each of 
these rulers left their mark on the city’s urban layout and architecture, but the most 
distinguishing features of Bukhara come from the 16th and 17th century when the 
Sheibanid dynasty made Bukhara its capital.
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