O’ganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari (nazariy grammatika, leksikologiya, stilistika)
Download 1.48 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
DAK 3
2
– a gathering of people for dancing; Ukrainian: 6paк — spoilage and 6paк — marriage, ключ, — source, spring, fountain and ключ — key. Lexico-grammatical homonyms differ both in lexical and grammatical meanings, they belong to different parts of speech. E.g., bear 1 – animal, bear 2 – to carry; seal 1 – a sea animal, seal 2 – to close tightly, Ukrainian: ніс (на обличчі) - ніс (минулий час від нести). Grammatical homonyms differ in grammatical meaning only. It is the homonymy of different word-forms of one and the same word. E.g., stopped 1 – the Past Indefinite, stopped 2 – Participle II. Ukrainian: відносно — prp., відносно — adverb; точно— c j., точно— adverb. The following examples are highly illustrative: provided – Participle II from provide, provided – коли, з умовою; regarding – Participle I from regard, regarding – відносно; owing – Participle I from owe, owing (to) – навпаки; just — adverb, just — particle of emphatic precision. The second classification is based not only on the meaning, but all the three aspects (sound- form, graphic form and meaning) are taken into account. Here we distinguish homonyms proper, homophones and homographs. Homonyms proper (perfect) are words identical both in sound-form and in graphic form but different in meaning. E.g., bark 1 – a noise made by a dog, bark 2 – a sailing ship; back 1 – part of the body, back 2 – away from the front, back 3 – go back, bear (ведмідь) — bear (носити, родити), bay (затока, бухта) — bay (гавкіт, гавкання), pale (кіл, паля) — pale (блідий, тьмяний). The important point is that homonyms are distinct words: not different meanings within one word. Homophonesare words identical in sound-form but different both in spelling and meaning. E.g., son (син) — sun (сонце), pair (пара) — pear (груша), see (бачити) — sea (мope); sight (зір, погляд) – site (місцеположення, ділянка) — cite (цитувати); coarse (грубий) — course (кypc); light (легкий) — light (світло); meet (зустрічати) — meat (м’ясо); piece (шматок, кусок) — peace (мир). In Ukrainian there are few homophones, among them several borrowings with doubled consonants (біль - білль), and words with unstressed vowels „е/и” (гребти - греби - гриби). Homographs are words identical in spelling but different both in their sound-form and in meaning. E.g., tear /tiə/, /tεə/, lead /li:d/, /led/, wind /wind/, /waind/, bow (поклін) — bow (лук), row (ряд) — row (шум, ґвалт). In Ukrainian homographs are distinguished by the stress, e.g., дере΄вина (одиничне дерево) - дереви΄на (матеріал для виготовлення різних предметів), ΄сага (жанр давньогерманського епосу) - са΄га (річкова затока). 50.The definition, classification and sources of synonyms. ynonyms. Classification and sources of synonymy. Synonyms can be defined as two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable, at least in some contexts, without any considerable alternation in denotational meaning, but different in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotations, affective value, style, emotional coloring and valency. This definition describes the notion "synonymy", gives some criteria of synonymy (identity of meaning, interchangeability), shows some difference in connotation, emotive coloring, style, etc. But this descriptive definition as well as many others has the main drawbacks - there are no objective criteria of "identity" or "similarity" or sameness of meaning. They all are based on the linguistic intuitions of the scholars. Let’s take the following group of words: hope, expectation, anticipation. They are synonyms because they all three mean “having something in mind which is likely to happen”. But they have different shades of meaning. The stylistic difference is also quite marked. Moreover, they differ in idiomatic usage. Each synonymic group comprises a dominant element. The synonymic dominant is the most general term containing the specific features rendered by all other members of the group. In a great number of cases the semantic difference between two or more synonyms is supported by the difference in valency. Classification of Synonyms The outstanding Russian philologist A.I. Smirnitsky suggested the classification of synonyms into 3 types: 1. Ideographic synonyms - words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of meaning: to understand - to realize 2. Stylistic - words differing only in stylistic characteristics: enemy - opponent - foe - adversary 3. Absolute - words coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics: pilot - airman — flyer – flyingman; screenwriter - scriptwriter – scripter, semasiology – semantics. Sources of synonymy Borrowing. Synonymy has its characteristic patterns in each language. Its peculiar feature in English is the contrast between simple native words stylistically neutral, literary words borrowed from French and learned words of Greco-Latin origin (to ask - to question - to interrogate) The second source that has made increasing contributions to the stock of English synonyms is dialects (radio (Am) – wireless (Br), gimmick (Am) – trick (Br), dues (Am) – subscription (Br). Synonyms are also created by means of all word-forming processes productive in the language at a given by time of its history. New words may be formed by affixation or loss of affixes, conversation, compounding, shortening and so on. For example, effectivity – effectiveness (affixation), amongst – among, await – wait (loss of affixes), commandment – command (conversation), stewardess – airman (compounding), memorandum – memo, microphone – mike, popular (song) – pop (song) (shortening). +Another source of synonymy is euphemism, in which a word of more or less pleasant connotation substitutes one that is harsh or indelicate, e.g. drunkenness – intoxication, sweat – perspiration, poor – underprivileged, naked – in one’s birthday suit, pregnant – in the family way. 51.The definition, classification and sources of antonyms. Antonyms – a class of words grouped together on the basis of the semantic relations of opposition. Antonyms are words belonging to one part of speech sharing certain common semantic characteristics and in this respect they are similar to such semantic classes as synonyms, lexical sets, lexico-semantic groups. (lexical sets (предметные или тематические группы) - words denoting different things correlated on extralinguistic grounds: lion, tiger, leopard, puma, cat refer to the lexical set of “the animals of the cat family’; words describing different sides of one and the same general notion are united in a lexico-semantic group: group denoting “physical movement” – to go, to turn, to run). There exist different classifications of antonyms. Structurally, antonyms can be divided into antonyms of the same root (1), e.g. to do – to Download 1.48 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling