On phenomena in ionized gases
the power supply frequency
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- Simulation Study of Radio Frequency Capacitively Coupled CF 4 Plasma Discharge – Hollow Cathode Effect
- Plasma activated water – stability and antimicrobial effect
- 2. Experimental details and results 2.1. Water activation
- 2.2. Bacterial decontamination
- 3. References
- Theoretical study on plasma pattern formation and propagation during air breakdown by three intersecting microwave beams
- Production and study of a plasma confined by a dipole magnet: optical emission spectroscopy and electron energy distribution
- 4. References
- Plasma MWG 2.45 GHz Measurement Unit Probe
- Tuning the wettability of metallic surfaces by microwave plasma generated low energy noble gas ion beams
the power supply frequency.
This work is supported by CNES. L. Dubois benefits from a PhD fellowship from the University of Toulouse.
[1] J.P. Boeuf, J. Appl. Phys. 121, 011101 (2017)
[2] J. Arancibia Monreal, P. Chabert, and V. Godyak, Phys. Plasmas 20, 103504 (2013).
Topic number 8 8 173
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Simulation Study of Radio Frequency Capacitively Coupled CF 4 Plasma Discharge – Hollow Cathode Effect
Chia-Yu Chen and Keh-Chyang Leou Engineering and System Science Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R. O. C
Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) sources have been widely used for material processing. In this study, carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) CCP discharges have been investigated by fluid model numerical simulations (CFD-ACE+, ESI Corp.). The simulation model takes into account 12 gaseous species and 41 reactions, and the discharge is generated by a 27 MHz radio frequency power. Simulation results show that, for typical operation conditions the electron density is around 10 15 - 10 16 1/m
3 while the electron temperature is about 2 - 4 eV in the bulk plasma. The effect of a trench on the grounded electrode is also investigated. For a trench of dimensions smaller than 6 mm x 12 mm, simulation results reveal that there is a significant modification the spatial profile of the plasma density and flux density of important reactive species, as a result of the hollow cathode effect.
Capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) sources driven by radio frequency power have been widely used for material processing, e.g., dry etching, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and physical and reactive sputtering processes[1]. There have been also a great of interests to take the advantage of the plasma density enhancement by the hollow cathode effect to find tune the CCP discharge characteristics [2, 3]. In this study, numerical simulation analysis based on 2D fluid model (CFD-ACE+, ESI Corp) is carried out to investigate the effect of a trench in the grounded electrode of a 27 MHz CCP discharge. Both Argon (Ar) and Carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) plasmas have been investigated for two structures, with and without trench.
Figure 1 shows the spatial distributions for basic plasma parameters, such as electron density, F and CF 3 + number densities, for CF 4 CCP discharges of the two different structures. Figure 2 shows radial profiles for electron density at the center of the gap and the F flux incident on the powered electrode surface for the two cases. It is evident that, for the trench of dimension 6 mm x 12 mm, the density profiles of the important species become strongly modified by the presence of the trench, as a result of the hollow cathode effect. It is also interesting to note that the F flux density is enhanced by the hollow cathode effect by a factor ~2 for the entire radial profile, although the enhancement for the electron density occurs only at position beneath the trench. Simulation results also show that the effect of the trench is minimal for trenches of widths less than 4 mm. This is because the trench dimension would need to be greater than two times the sheath width for the hollow cathode enhancement to be effective[4].
electron density (b) F
number density (c) CF 3 + number density, for the case without (left) and with (right) trench. Fig. 2. Simulation results: radial profiles for (a)The electron density at gap center, and (b) F
flux density arriving on powered electrode surface. 3. References [1] M. A. Lieberman. and A. J. Lichtenberg., "Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing, Processing," (1994). [2] T. Tabuchi, H. Mizukami, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22 (2004) [3] Y. Ohtsu, et al., Phys. Plasmas. 23 (2016) [4] Y. Ohtsu, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 113 (2013).
Topic number: 5 Al-base
174 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Plasma activated water – stability and antimicrobial effect
I.E.Vlad 1 P , C. Martin U 1 P , A.R. Toth 2 P , J. Papp P 2 , S.D.Anghel 1
1 Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, M. Kogălniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania 2 Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Republicii 44, Cluj-Napoca 400015, Romania
The interface region between plasma and water based liquids offers the perfect conditions for active chemical species like hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitrites and nitrates to be generated. The so formed molecules further diffuse in the treated samples, changing their physical and chemical properties. The current work records the changes induced by a He/Ar -jet discharge on distilled water samples. The electrical conductivity, pH value, nitric acid concentration and hydrogen peroxide concentration are measured immediately after treatment and for time intervals up to 21 days. A good stability of the plasma activated water can be observed. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of the plasma activated water is proved. The effects of the discharge gas, treatment time as well as storage time are all investigated.
When plasmas and liquids interact, at the interface region between the two media specific chemical processes occur, producing modifications of the physical and chemical attributes of the liquids [1]. The so activated liquids have proven to hold special properties offering them the possibility of acting as chemical agents in several biological processes [1]. The current work proposes the application of plasma activated water (PAW) in bacterial decontamination and investigates the time evolution of the PAW characteristics as well as its antimicrobial character.
The water activation by plasma treatment experiments were carried out using a low temperature atmospheric pressure -jet setup. It consists of a powered electrode (vertical needle - 0.6 mm i.d., supplied with at a sinusoidal voltage - 1.7 kV, 10.2 MHz) through which the discharge gas (He or Ar) is flown at a 0.3 l/min rate. The distilled water samples are placed 3 mm below the needle. The discharge is formed in the space between the electrode and the surface of the liquid. The treatment time intervals are up to 50 minutes. The physical and chemical properties of the PAW samples were measured immediately after treatment and for time intervals up to 21 days. During this period the samples were stored in closed containers at room temperature. The pH, electrical conductivity, H 2 O
and HNO 3
concentrations change strongly with the treatment time. After 50 minutes of treatment using the helium discharge the obtained values are: 1.79 pH units, 1747
S/cm, 0.9 mM H 2 O
and 3.6 mM HNO 3 . Also, the discharge gas plays a substantial role in determining the final properties of the PAW samples. In the case of the Ar discharge, for the 50 minutes treatment time, the resulted quantities were: 2.19 pH units, 1269 S/cm, 1.19 mM H 2 O 2 and 2.6 mM HNO
3 . The analysis of the water properties with the storage time revealed that the properties of the PAW remain stable in time for at least 21 days. For samples treated for 50 minutes with the He -jet the measured values after 21 days are: 1.9 pH units, 1820
S/cm, 0.8 mM H 2 O
and 3.6 mM HNO 3 . 2.2. Bacterial decontamination The antimicrobial effect of the PAW samples was investigated using Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) as test microorganism. An overnight bacterial culture grown in nutrient broth media was incubated for 24 hours with PAW in 1:1 volume ratios of growth media and PAW. The growth inhibition effect of PAW was estimated by measuring the optical density of the bacterial suspension at 620 nm. Control samples of bacteria incubated with 1:1 volume ratios of nutrient broth and distilled water and samples without dilutions of the nutrient broth were used. The effects of the water treatment time, discharge gas and storage time were investigated. The PAW shows strong antimicrobial effects. The S.aureus sample incubated with the 50 minutes helium discharge treated water shows an OD value of 0.09 a.u. while the water control sample shows an OD value of 0.17 a.u., results that demonstrate a significant influence of the PAW.
[1] P.J. Bruggeman et al., Plasma Sources Sci.
17
175 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Theoretical study on plasma pattern formation and propagation during air breakdown by three intersecting microwave beams
Qianhong Zhou, Zhiwei Dong, Wei Yang Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, China
Air breakdown by three intersecting high power microwave (HPM) beams is investigated by numerical solution of fluid-based plasmas equations coupled with the Maxwell equations. For three coherently intersecting HPM beams, interference-field maxima (form a triangular lattice) and minima are created in the intersecting region. The collisional cascade breakdown occurs only if the initial free electron appears or arrives in the vicinity of field maxima, where the free electron can be accelerated. A ball-like plasmoid grows around a field maximum (if there are seed electrons) until its density becomes large enough to diffract the incident field. When the plasma density is larger enough, it scatters the three waves and redistributes the interference pattern. Diffusion and ionization in the closest maximum field leads to the formation of new plasmoids. As time increases, the new plasmoids will form regular patterns and the plasma region enlarges.
1. Introduction Microwave air breakdown has been extensively investigated since the 1940s. Previously, microwave air breakdown induced by single high power microwave (HPM)
beam has
been widely
investigated[1-5]. However, relatively few studies existed on microwave air breakdown by intersecting microwave beams. Actually, two or more HPM beams are needed to satisfy the power requirement of applications. For example, many HPM beams are sent to the atmosphere with the help of ground-based antennas, in the beam crossing region, where the electric field is particularly large, a gas discharge is set up, i.e. an artificial ionized layer is formed. In order to successfully use the air breakdown by crossing beams, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of which processes are involved and to what extent. Recently, we have studied microwave air breakdown in the region of two intersecting waves[6,7]. The plasma pattern formation and propagation by two waves is different from that by single wave. In this paper, Air breakdown by three intersecting HPM beams is investigated by numerical solution of fluid-based plasmas equations coupled with the Maxwell equations. The detailed plasma pattern formation and propagation is investigated for different incident angles.
[1] Q. Zhou, Z. Dong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2011), 161504.
[2] J. P. Boeuf, B. Chaudhury, G. Q. Zhu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(2010) 015002 [3] S. K. Nam, J. P. Verboncoeur, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(2009) 55004 [4] A. Cook, M. Shapiro, R. Temkin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(2010) 011504 [5] V. E. Semenov, E. I. Rakova, M. Yu. Glyavin,G. S. Nusinovich, Phys. Plasma, 23(2016) 073109 [6] Q. Zhou, Z. Dong, Acta Phys. Sin. 62(2013) 205202 [7] Q. Zhou, Z. Dong, Pulsed Power& Plasma Science Conference, San Francisco, CA June 16-21, 2013
Topic number 9 176
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Production and study of a plasma confined by a dipole magnet: optical emission spectroscopy and electron energy distribution
Anuj Ram Baitha, Ashwani Kumar and Sudeep Bhattacharjee Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh: 208016 We report a table top experiment to investigate important physical processes in a plasma confined by a dipole magnet. A strong water cooled cylindrical permanent magnet, is employed to create the dipole field inside a vacuum chamber. The plasma is created by electron cyclotron resonance heating, using microwaves of 2.45 GHz. Visual observations (in terms of digital images) of the first plasma, including results of measurements of plasma parameters such as ion density and electron temperature, optical emission spectroscopy and electron energy distribution will be presented in the conference.
Studies on the properties of a plasma confined by a dipole magnet has been of great interest in plasma physics, since a long time [1– 2]. The dipole confinement concept was motivated by spacecraft observations of
planetary magnetospheres [3-4]. It is of interest to investigate such a confinement scheme and resulting plasma behaviour in the laboratory. There have been large experiments using superconducting coils to understand underlying complex plasma processes in the dipole plasma [3-4].
experiment using a permanent magnet to investigate the properties of a plasma confined by a dipole magnet.
In the present experiment, we employ a strong permanent magnet, having a surface magnetic field of ~ 6000 Gauss to create the dipole magnetic field.
The magnet is suspended in free space from a top flange in a vacuum chamber and cooled by circulating chilled water. The plasma is heated by electron cyclotron resonance, using microwaves of 2.45 GHz and results in a beta of ~ 2%. The beta can be further increased by using dual frequency heating in the range 6 – 11 GHz using a traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA), available in the laboratory. The wave powers can be widely varied from a few hundred watts (~ 300 W) in the CW mode to a few kilo watts (~ 7 kW) in the pulsed mode of operation. A schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. Schematic of the experimental setup SSC: Straight Section, ISO: Isolator, MWG: Microwave Generator. 3. Results
The dipole plasma has been successfully created and the resulting plasma density and electron temperature have been measured in the radial direction. In addition, we have measured the temperature anisotropy of the plasma in a direction parallel and perpendicular to the static magnetic field. We find that the plasma density is peaked a few centimetres away from the magnet and decreases as we go radially outward. The peak plasma density is ~ 1.8×10 11 cm
-3 and
the electron temperature lies in the range 3 – 14 eV. In addition, optical emission spectroscopy and electron energy distribution function measurements will be presented in the conference.
[1] Hasegawa, Comments Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 1, 147 (1987) [2] Birmingham, T. J., Geophys. Res. 74, 2169-2181 (1969) [3] Yue Chen, Geoffrey D. Reeves & Reiner H. W. Friedel, Nature Physics 3, 614 - 617 (2007) [4] A.C Boxer, R. Bergmann, J.L.Ellsworth, D.T Garnier, J.Kesner, M.E Mauel and P.Woskov. Nature Physics 6, 207-212 (2010) 9
ISO Plasma MWG 2.45 GHz Measurement Unit Probe Quartz window Dipole magnet Water IN Water OUT Signal Gen TWTA (6-18 GHz) 177
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Tuning the wettability of metallic surfaces by microwave plasma generated low energy noble gas ion beams
S. Chatterjee and U S. Bhattacharjee UPP
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh: 208016, India
Metallic thin films of Cu have been irradiated with different inert gas ions (Ar + , Kr + , Ne
+ ) generated by an intense microwave plasma, in order to look at the changes in wetting behaviour of such irradiated films. Special attention is devoted to look at the static contact angle and contact angle hysteresis. Observations reveal an increasing trend of static, advancing and receding contact angles, indicating that the irradiation process precipitates a reduction in surface free energy which has been related to a change in dispersive intermolecular interaction due to implantation of noble gaseous elements with varying polarizability. The nanoscale roughness generated by this process has no impact on the static contact angle. However, the nominal hysteresis created may be attributed to the roughness according to Johanny-de Gennes theory.
Wettability is an important surface phenomena of a solid surface that is determined by the adhesive intermolecular forces between a solid and the liquid in contact [1]. Where there are conventional ways to tune wettability by engineering the surface roughness (the Wenzel regime), chemical texturing (Cassie- Baxter regime), and coating or by forming functionalized chemical groups, the present study looks at the possibility of controlling wetting behaviour of metallic surfaces (Cu) by implantation of inert gas molecules ( Ar + , Kr + , Ne + ) in the near surface atomic layers. Since inert gas molecules do not form any chemical bond with metal, the system thus formed is heterogeneous in atomic length scales and hence has been termed as “atomically heterogeneous” system.
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