On phenomena in ionized gases
VUV Radiation from Streamers
Download 9.74 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- 2. Experimental Approach
- 4. References
- Plasma-material Interactions: diagnostics and control
- 2. Experimental and results
- Unified model of the streamer initiated gas breakdown
- 2. Acknowledgements
- Microwave Plasmas Applied for Synthesis of Free-Standing Carbon Nanostructures at Atmospheric Pressure Conditions
- Surface and volume kinetics of molecules in air depollution processes
- 1. Plasma-catalyst coupling for Volatile Organic Compounds oxidation
VUV Radiation from Streamers
A. Neuber P 1 , A. Fierro 2 , J. Stephens 3
P 1 P
2 Applied Optical and Plasma Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA 3 Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
The self-produced light emission from pulsed streamer discharges is challenging to characterize through experiment or modeling; on the one hand, the high absorption cross sections make VUV detection often impossible, on the other hand, the large number of radiating species clashes with computer memory limitations. Two principal methods of efficiently detecting VUV radiation from streamers in atmospheric gases, including air, are introduced. These methods cover the wavelength range from 80 to 180 nm. The experimental results are supplemented with modeling the increase in charge carrier density and VUV intensity through implementing a parallel computing Particle-in- Cell /Monte Carlo Collision model, which is capable of discretely tracking photons and their corresponding wavelengths. Radiative transitions from the c’ 4 Σ
u (Carroll–Yoshino) singlet state of N 2
1. Background It is generally accepted that photoionization, PI, and photoemission play a critical role during discharge inception. Their impact, however, has typically been lumped in the simplest case into a single feedback constant or more sophisticated into some actual spectral modeling. While the former is more of an empirical attempt that is unable to cover a large parameter space, the latter has suffered from the lack of fundamental transition data. This work addresses both: Verification of major transitions in the VUV in gases at atmospheric pressure, including air, and advanced photon modeling [1, 2] in a first principle based approach. 2. Experimental Approach To reasonably extract VUV radiation from a developing streamer, the propagation distance through the surrounding gas (at ~ 1 atm pressure) has to be kept in the sub-mm range considering that the absorption depth is typically in the mm range. Thus, two methods were successfully explored, a) streamer breakdown across a VUV transmitting surface, which yielded experimental spectra down to 120 nm, and b) pulsed volume breakdown in a high- pressure gas puff, spectral range down to 80 nm.
As an example, the theoretical spectra of N I and O I, calculated assuming a Boltzmann distribution of the excited states are compared with the experimentally recorded VUV emission of air breakdown in the streamer phase, see Fig. 1. Other experiments identify PI critical emission as the N 2
c ′ 4 Σ u + (0)– X 1 Σ g + (1) band and O
I and O
II transitions. The experimentally verified transitions gave rise to the PI driven streamer modeling, see Fig. 2.
breakdown. (bottom) Theoretical spectra [3]
Fig. 2. 2D Streamer modeling with a 2 ns risetime, 60 kV voltage excitation applied to the top plane. Gaussian seed density near anode (top), no other background [2].
[1] A. Fierro, J. Stephens, S. Beeson, J. Dickens, and A. Neuber, Phys. Plasmas, 23 (2016) 013506. [2] J. Stephens, A. Fierro, S. Beeson, G. Laity, D. Trienekens, R.P. Joshi, J. Dickens, A. Neuber, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 025024.
[3] A. Fierro, G. Laity, A. Neuber, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 (2012) 495202.
Topic number 3 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Plasma-material Interactions: diagnostics and control
M. Hori P 1 P
P 1 P
diagnostics techniques have been developed. These processes were basically determined by the interaction of plasma with the surface of materials. Therefore, it is extremely important to diagnose and control the kinetics of the surface reactions with a high accuracy. The science and technologies on plasma-material interactions will be overviewed and the forward prospective is mentioned.
Plasma etching and deposition processes have been core technologies to make the manufacturing innovation, such ultralarge integrated circuits (ULSIs) etc. In these processes, the quantitative measurement and the spatiotemporal control of ion, radical and light in the reactive plasma became key issues to obtain high processing performances as well as the establishment of the plasma process science. Here, the interaction of plasma with the material surfaces has been investigated by employing various kinds of diagnostics techniques not only in the gas phase but also in the surface. The advanced methods to control them have been introduced.
The solar cell devices with a-Si and μc-Si thin films have been fabricated employing a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with SiH 4
2 gases. In this processing, SiH 3 and H radicals which were reported to play important roles were measured at a relatively high pressure of 1 kPa in a capacitively coupled VHF of 60 MHz excited plasma by using the cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) and the vacuum violet laser absorption spectroscopy (VUVLAS), respectively. Additionally, the behaviors of higher order species in the condition were evaluated by using the quadruple mass spectroscopy. The systematical measurement of behaviors of species in the gas phase enabled us to evaluate the sticking coefficiencies of these species on material surfaces. Considering the surface loss probability of 0.5 for SiH 3 radical and 1 for H radical, it was found that SiH 3 radical constituted 45% of the deposition precursors and the others will be higher order radicals [1]. On the basis of these diagnostics results, the control technology to synthesize films of high quality at a higher deposition rate was proposed. The SiO 2 etching processes with a high aspect ratio in ULSIs have been investigated employing the fluorocarbon gas chemistry. In this processing, synergetic effects of fluorocarbon radicals with the ion bombardment with a high energy formed the intermediated layers between fluorocarbon films and the SiO 2 surfaces during the etching. Control of such a layer induced by the plasma is a key issue for the etching of SiO 2 .
chemical composition of layers and design the structures for obtaining the high performances of etching . Then, the thin SiOF intermediate layer < 2 nm in thickness induced by the C 4 F 6 /O 2 /Ar etching plasma was precisely analysed by the ex situ time-of-flight secondary ion
mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) using a C 60 2+
sputtering. The clearly observed signal of SiOF - , SiO 2 F - and Si
2 O 4 F - between the top fluorocarbon film and the SiO 2 were found to be a key layer to be controlled for the etching [2]. Recently, the non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma was applied to the cleaning and modification of the material surfaces. The O and N atoms together with UV were measured by the VUV absorption spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The interaction of O radical and UV attributed to NO-γ with the organic contamination of glass decomposed organic monolayers for the surface cleaning [3].
3. References [1] Y. Abe et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 (2017) 043902.
[2] Y. Ohya et al. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A34 (2016) 040602. [3] M. Iwasaki et al. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 (23), 2007 L540. Topic number 4
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Unified model of the streamer initiated gas breakdown
M. Černák 1 P , T. Hoder 1 , Z. Bonaventura 1 P
P
P
A common feature of the discharges at near-atmospheric pressures is that the most important physical processes leading to the formation of non-equilibrium plasmas occur on the time scales of 10 -9 s in regions of characteristic size of 0.1 mm. The reasons for the unsatisfactory understanding of such phenomena are both experimental and computer simulation constraints. They are given by the ultra-fast changing basic plasma parameters on given extremely small areas. Based on experimental study and computer simulations of the cathode spot formation for a wide range of electrode geometries and materials, an integrated model describing a wide range of streamer micro-discharges and pre-breakdown phenomena will be presented.
Since ”the development of atmospheric–pressure plasma sources to replace plasma processing in vacuum systems is a current trend in industrial plasma engineering” [1] in the last two decades the centre of both experimental and theoretical study of the gas discharge ionisation phenomena has been shifted from the low-pressure gas discharges to the discharges generated at near-atmospheric pressures [2].
A common feature of the discharges at near- atmospheric pressures is that the most important physical processes leading to the formation of non- equilibrium plasmas occur on the time scales of 10 -9 s
result of the fact that the discharge formation in such conditions is usually associated with the formation of fast and narrow ionization waves, termed ”primary streamers” and consequently, such discharges are now frequently referred to as micro- discharges. The arrival of a primary streamer to the cathode forming an active cathode spot/region marks an important turning point in the development of micro- discharges and is a significant bottleneck in the understanding of the micro-discharge formation mechanism [3]. Similar phenomena occur also as streamer-like instabilities in the cathode region leading to the plasma filamentation and glow-to-arc transitions in various types of atmospheric-pressure glow discharges. The reasons for the unsatisfactory understanding of such phenomena are both experimental and computer simulation constraints: The main experimental difficulties are due to small size of the cathode spots, their random distribution on the cathode surface, and the nanosecond time scale of their formation. As a consequence, computer simulations are the essential tools that can be used to increase our understanding of the cathode spot formation. The simulations, however, are constrained by the fact that they typically fail as the streamer reaches the cathode due to instabilities introduced by numerical discretization. Based on experimental study and computer simulations of the cathode spot formation for a wide range of electrode geometries and materials, an integrated theoretical model describing a wide range of streamer micro-discharges and pre-breakdown phenomena will be presented. Except for narrow-gap (˂ 5.10 -6 m) and microwave breakdowns, the model is applicable to all high-pressure discharge types, serving as a necessary guide in the selection of cases for further study by experiment or computer simulation, as well as for the design of atmospheric- pressure sources of non-thermal plasmas.
This research was funded by the project LO1411 (NPU I) of Ministry of Education Youth and Sports of Czech Republic.
3. References [1] J.R. Roth, Industrial Plasma Engineering., Vol.2: Appl. to Non-thermal Plasma Processing” IOP Publishing Ltd. 2001, ISBN 9780750305440 [2] K.H. Becker, U. Kogelschatz, K.H. Schoenbach, R.J. Barker (eds.), Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas At Atmospheric pressure, IOP Publishing Ltd. 2004, ISBN
9780750309622 [3] T. Hoder, M. Černák, J. Paillol, D. Loffhagen, R. Brandenburg, Physical Review E 86 (2012) 05540190 (R)
5 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Microwave Plasmas Applied for Synthesis of Free-Standing Carbon Nanostructures at Atmospheric Pressure Conditions
Elena Tatarova P
This lecture addresses selective, single step synthesis of advanced free-standing carbon nanostructures using microwave driven plasmas at atmospheric pressure conditions. Controllable bottom-up self-organization of graphene, N-graphene sheets and nanodiamonds achieved via tailoring of the plasma environment is discussed .
Recently a renewed interest to carbon materials has been generated as new advanced carbon nanostructures are being introduced bringing new prospects for applications. Multiple processes have been reported for free- standing carbon
nanostructures synthesis, corresponding to either "top-down" or "bottom- up" approaches. It is to be noted that the main challenge of conventional, i.e., widely used chemical routes, is the very limited control, or lack of, over the synthesis process.
Our work extends the scope of previous efforts to
fabricate free-standing carbon nanostructures using large-scale configurations of microwave plasmas driven by surface waves at atmospheric pressure conditions [1-5]. Here, we present a microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for a single step, continuous, synthesis of free-standing graphene sheets and nanodiamond particles. The method’s crucial advantage relies on harnessing unique plasma mechanisms to control the material and energy fluxes of the main building units (C 2 ,C) at the atomic scale level. By tailoring the high energy density
plasma environment a selective synthesis of high quality graphene sheets at high yield (2 mg/min) with prescribed structural qualities was attained. A high level of control over oxygen functionalities and sp 2 /sp
3 carbon ratios has been achieved and with approximately 40% of the graphene being synthesized in the form of single atomic layers. The method is highly cost-efficient, fast and environmentally friendly, since it does not require the use of catalysts and noxious chemicals. It is also versatile, allowing the synthesis of different types of 2D nanostructures (e.g. N-graphene) in the same reactor. Furthermore, the high energy density of the generated plasma allows the use of gaseous, liquid or solid carbon precursors. Here we intent to provide substantial evidence that
microwave plasma
based technologies are a highly competitive, green, cost-effective and disruptive alternative route to presently used cumbersome, toxics dependant, multistep conventional methods.
This work was funded by Portuguese FCT— Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under Project UID/FIS/50010/2013, Project INCENTIVO/FIS/LA0010/2014, and grant
SFRH/BD/52413/2013 (PD-F APPLAuSE) References [1] E. Tatarova, N. Bundaleska, J.Ph. Sarrette and C.M.Ferreira, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 (2014) 063002. [2] E. Tatarova, J. Henriques, C.C. Luhrs, A. Dias, J. Phillips, M.V. Abrashev and C.M. Ferreira,. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (2013) 134101. [3] E.Tatarova, A. Dias, J. Henriques, A.M. Botelho de Rego, A.M. Ferraria, M. Abrashev, C.C. Luhrs, J. Phillips, F.M. Dias, C.M. Ferreira, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 (2014) 385501. [4] A. Dias, N. Bundaleski, E. Tatarova, F.M. Dias, M. Abrashev, U. Cvelbar, O.M.N.D. Teodoro, J. Henriques J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 (2016) 055307. [5] D. Tsyganov, N. Bundaleska, E. Tatarova, A.Dias, J. Henriques, A. Rego, A. Ferraria, M.V. Abrashev, F.M. Dias, C.C. Luhrs, J. Phillips, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 015013. Topic number 6
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Surface and volume kinetics of molecules in air depollution processes
Christelle Barakat 1 , XianJie Wang, Loganathan Sivachandiran, 1-3 , Zixian Jia 1 , Olivier Guaitela 1 , Frédéric Thevenet 2,3 , Antoine Rousseau 1
1 LPP, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
Université Lille Nord-de-France, F-59000 Lille, France 3 Mines Douai, CE, F-59508 Douai, France Antoine.rousseau@lpp.polytechnique.fr
Plasma-catalyst coupling for air depollution has been extensively studied for more than two dec- ades. Studies dealing with the plasma induced heterogeneous reactivity are analysed as well as the possible modifications of the catalyst surface under plasma exposure. Alternatively to the conven- tional and widely studied plasma catalyst-coupling, a sequential approach has been recently pro- posed, where pollutants are first adsorbed on the material, then oxidized by switching on the plas- ma. This allows direct monitoring of surface reactions decoupled from gas phase reactions.
Compounds oxidation
Plasma-catalyst coupling has proven to be very effective for the destruction of diluted pollutants and is therefore suitable for indoor air-treatment [1]. Now commercially available indoor air treatment units can be found on the market. Most of these devices combine dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) or corona discharges with an adsorbent, which may have a catalytic activity. The plasma generates high- ly oxidizing species at low energetic cost, which oxidize the pollutants. The respective importance of gas phase oxidation versus surface oxidation has long been discussed. Historically, various high dielectric permittivity materials (BaTiO 3 , TiO 2 , …) were introduced inside the plasma region, partly to favours plasma ignition and energy transfer [2] as well as high mineralisa- tion (complete oxidation to CO 2 ) [3]. The positive effect of a porous material inserted in a discharge was evidenced [4]. Because of the diffusion of the species inside the porous structure of alumina and silica, active species lifetime and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) residence time increase favour- ing higher mineralization. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling