On phenomena in ionized gases
Evidencing oxidation at the surface
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Distribution Functions in Non-Equilibrium Plasmas
- 2. Examples 2.1. Electron Distribution Function
- 2.2. Ion Distribution Function
- 2.3. Bounded Electrons in Atoms and Molecules
- Pre-breakdown phenomena and discharges in gas-liquid system
- Atmospheric pressure plasmas for surface and medical applications
- 2.2. Plasma polymerization
- 2.3. Plasma jet at the end of long plastic tube
- 2.4. Microbial inactivation in-vivo
- 3. References
- Nanosecond pulsed discharges: generation, measurement and plasma processing
- 3. Transient plasma interaction
2. Evidencing oxidation at the surface
More recently, a sequential approach has been recently proposed, where pollutants are first ad- sorbed on the material, then oxidized by switching on the plasma. Monitoring the gas phase composi- tion AND the VOCs adsorbed onto the catalytic surface allows analysing oxidation mechanisms [5]. Different parameters are studied, such as the in- jected power, the relative humidity, the type of VOC and the type of catalytic materials. In-plasma and post-plasma configuration are studied [5-6]. The analysis of the chemical composition of the gas phase is performed using an FTIR cell and the in situ surface analysis of adsorbed species and inter- mediates is followed using a DRIFTS cell In addition, we will present results obtained us- ing Sorbent-TRACK, a new device , developed to monitor adsorption and surface oxidation of pollu- tants under direct plasma exposure [7-8]. It is based on direct transmitted Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Performances and sensitivity of Sorbent-TRACK are reported Adsorption and oxidation of acetone leads to production of adsorbed isobutene and acetic acid, where oxidation of iso- propanol gives mainly to adsorbed acetone, mesityl oxide and acetate. References
[1] F. Thevenet, L. Sivachandiran, O. Guaitella, C. Bara- kat, A. Rousseau, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 2014 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47 224011 [2] A. Ogata, K. Yamanouchi, K. Mizuno, S. Kushiyama, T. Yamamoto, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 19 (1999) 383-394 [3] H.H. Kim, A. Ogata, S. Futamura, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38 (2005) 1292–1300 [4] F. Holzer, U. Roland, F.D. Kopincke, Appl. Catal. B: Env. 38 (2002) 163-171 [5] C. Barakata, P. Gravejat, O. Guaitella, F. Thevenet, A. Rousseau, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 147 (2014) 302– 313 [6] L. Sivachandiran , F. Thevenet, A. Rousseau, Plasma Chemistry & Plasma Processing, (2013) [7] Z. Jia and A. Rousseau, Scientific Reports, 6, 31888; (2016).
[8] Z. Jia, X. Wang, F. Thevenet, A. Rousseau Plasma Process Polym. 2017;e1600114 This work has been supported by ANR, French DGA, LABEX PLAS@PAR and ALKOTHERM 10 7
8 The Von Engel & Franklin Prize Lecture 9
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Distribution Functions in Non-Equilibrium Plasmas
Uwe Czarnetzki UP 1 P
P 1 P
Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
The non-equilibrium character of low-temperature plasmas is exhibited by the form of the distribution functions of free electrons and ions as well as in the population of excited states of atoms and molecules. Strong interactions between particles from different ensembles as well as inhomogeneous and non-stationary electric fields are usually causing the complex forms of non- equilibrium distributions. The talk will show a number of experimental examples ranging from low to atmospheric pressures. The underlying physical mechanisms will be explained, the diagnostic techniques highlighted, and the consequences for application and diagnostics discussed.
Low-temperature plasmas are characterized by non-equilibrium distribution functions. Generally, the various particle ensembles do not share the same distribution and typically also the particles within an ensemble, especially electrons and ions but also the population of bounded states in neutrals, do not follow thermal distributions, i.e. cannot be described by a Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium distribution. This deviation from thermal equilibrium is caused by weak interaction between particles within an ensemble but strong interaction with particles from other ensembles. Further, oscillating and inhomogeneous electric fields on a scale shorter than the charged particle mean free path can have a strong contribution. Consequently, the particular form of the non-equilibrium distributions and the processes causing their formation are at the heart of the physics in these systems. The distributions play a key role for all physical processes, in particular excitation and ionization but also transport properties can be very sensitive. In this talk a selection of particular non- equilibrium conditions of interest in recent research and application is presented. The underlying physics is explained, the various aspects are illustrated by experimental examples, and the diagnostic techniques are introduced. Recent advances and current challenges are highlighted. Examples will be shown from three general categories.
In Radiofrequency discharges the oscillating and spatially inhomogeneous electric field can lead to ballistic electrons and correspondingly strong deviations from simple Maxwellian distribution functions. The related excitation patterns are the basis of spectroscopic access to the spatial-temporal dynamics. In ICP the evanescent electric field penetrating into the plasma can again be imaged by taking advantage of the temporal modulation of the EVDF. Further downstream at sufficiently low pressures, the EEDF becomes non-local which in principle allows determination in the entire volume from a single measurement in the centre. Arrays of smaller ICPs with a clear phase correlation provide an opportunity for a new plasma source based on non-collisional heating of electrons.
IVDF in non-equilibrium plasmas generally show show complex profiles which are additionally strongly depending on the particular location in the plasma. Recently it was discovered that in case of charge-exchange dominated transport at low pressures, measurements taken on the wall allow a full spatially resolved reconstruction of the distribution function and basically all plasma parameters, including also the electron density and temperature as well as the ambipolar electric field and potential. While at low pressures the IVDF is effectively one-dimensional, it exhibits a much wider angular distribution at higher pressures. This has consequences not only for the interaction with surfaces but requires also careful interpretation of measurements.
The distribution of bounded electrons in non- equilibrium plasmas is usually governed by a balance between collisional excitation and radiative and collisional de-excitation. In the afterglow recombination of cold electrons can lead to an even stronger deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium by population of highly excited Rydberg states. Recently it was discovered that in the afterglow of atmospheric pressure discharges in Helium actually almost all free electrons are converted to Helium Rydberg molecules.
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12 Topical Invited Lectures 13
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
1
Babaeva N.Yu., Naidis G.V., Panov V.A., Smirnov B.M., Son E.E. and Tereshonok D.V.
Moscow, 125412, Russia
Presented work consists of two parts: experimental and theoretical investigations of pre- breakdown and discharge in disperse systems. We theoretically investigated the development of discharge in two types of bubble clusters immersed in water and transformer oil: seven and fifteen equidistant bubbles with the prevalence of a horizontal orientation perpendicular to the applied electric field. The bubbles were filled with air. We present the principal difference in the streamer propagation from bubble-to-bubble due to mutual polarization of bubbles. Hydrodynamics simulation for the movement of the dielectric liquid under the electrostrictive stress was performed. We also investigated cavitation of a dielectric liquid under the ponderomotive forces. Results of the simulation are in good agreement with the experiment.
One of the main properties of a system consisting of a liquid with gaseous bubbles is the low electric field strength of electric breakdown in comparison with a pure liquid. Presented work consists of two parts: experimental and theoretical investigations of pre-breakdown and discharge in such disperse systems. Experimental setup for the investigation of the electrical breakdown in fluid with a gas contains the microporous membrane which is made of anodized alumina with an average pore size (100 ± 50) nm. The distance between the pores is 300 nm, a thickness of the porous layer is 200 microns. Experiments with the penetration of the gas into the liquid through a porous medium are performed. Gas forms bubbles in the liquid which float.
Optical interference method and statistical analysis of interferometric images was used in order to obtain the distribution of the microbubbles. The most probable value obtained for the mixture of "air- water" (without the addition of surfactants) is about 70-80 microns. We experimentally studied the development of discharge in such
multiphase system.
We theoretically investigated the development of discharge in two types of bubble clusters immersed in water and transformer oil: seven and fifteen equidistant bubbles with the prevalence of a horizontal orientation perpendicular to the applied electric field. The bubbles were filled with air. We show the principal difference in the streamer propagation from bubble-to-bubble due to mutual polarization of bubbles. It’s well known that the fluid stream flows in the direction towards the high electric field. Fluid behavior with a different permittivity is calculated on the basis of the hydrodynamics numerical simulation in the strong inhomogeneous pulsed electric field. The negative pressure under ponderomotive forces can lead to the cavitations near the needle electrode and can lead to the occurrence of the electrical breakdown in the fluid. Results of the simulation are compared with the experiment for the cavity extension. The main results are presented in papers [1-8].
This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project Number 14-50-00124).
[1] Babaeva N.Yu., Tereshonok D.V., Naidis G.V., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 (2015) 355201. [2]
Naidis G.V., IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 43 (2015) No. 9 3138-3141. [3] Natalia Yu. Babaeva, PSST 24 (2015) 034012. [4] Babaeva N.Yu., Tereshonok D.V., Naidis G.V. and Smirnov B.M., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 (2016) 025202 [5] Boris M. Smirnov and R. Stephen Berry, Chemistry Central Journal 9 (2015) 48 1-8. [6] V. P. Krainov, B. M. Smirnov and D. V. Tereshonok, EPL 108 (2014) 34002-34002. [7] Dmitry V Tereshonok, Natalia Yu Babaeva, George V Naidis and Boris M Smirnov, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 (2016) 505501. [8] Dmitry V Tereshonok, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 (2017) 015603. Topic number 10 15
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Atmospheric pressure plasmas for surface and medical applications
K. G. Kostov P 1 P , V. Prisyazhnyi 1 , A. H. R. Castro 1 , T. M. C. Nishime 1 , C. Y. Koga-Ito P 2 P , T. S. M. Mui 1 , L. L. G. da Silva 1 , R. P. Mota 1 , A. C. Borges 2 , M. Machida 3
P 1 P
P
P
3 Insitute of Physics – IFGW, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Non-thermal plasma jets at atmospheric pressure have attracted much attention in recent years due to their simplicity and low cost combined with a great variety of applications ranging from material processing to medicine. This work will give a brief overview of recent works focusing on the research and development performed at FEG, UNESP.
The cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) were first reported in nineteen-nineties and since then they have been subject of intense research and development. For instance, over the last decade the number of publications on plasma jets in the literature has grown exponentially [1]. Also, various high impact journals published special issues and review
papers dedicated on APPJs.
A distinguishable feature of cold plasma jets is that they can be operated in air and provide enhanced chemistry via production of reactive species (radicals, photons and charged particles) while the gas temperature is maintained sufficiently low for processing of organic and biological components. Nowadays, plasma jets are routinely used in material processing for surface cleaning and deposition, etching, surface activation of polymers, decontamination of surfaces etc. [1]. Recently, application of non-thermal plasma jets in living tissues has been extensively studied giving the origin of so-called plasma medicine [1, 2].
An important issue for the operation of a plasma jet is its geometry, which together with dielectric properties of the substrate, strongly influences the shape and the extension of generated plasma plume. Therefore, depending on the intended application many different plasma jet configurations have been investigated. Here, we report the effect of a horn- like jet nozzle, which allows extending plasma over larger area of the sample. This jet configuration was used for adhesion improvement of Al alloys and also for treatment of seeds.
A three-electrode plasma jet configuration (one powered electrode and two grounded) was especially developed for deposition of polymer films at atmospheric pressure. Argon was employed as working gas for plasma generation. Mixtures of air with acetylene or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) were used as polymerizing agents. The films were deposited on glass substrates placed on an auxiliary grounded electrode and
can be
used as
biocompatible coating or for corrosion protection.
A crucial question in plasma medicine is how to deliver active plasma species to tissues or organs inside human body. Most commercially available plasma sources are too big and rigid for this purpose. Here, we report a method that allows generation of cold plasma jet at the end of long (up to few meters), flexible, plastic tube. The tube can be held with hand without risk of electric shock and the plasma jet can be easily handled and directed to a target. Here, we will describe the method and present some results of surface modification of polymers. Also, in-vitro experiments for microbial inactivation using APPJs at the end of plastic tube will be presented. Special attention will be given to plasma treatment of biofilms that represent major infection risk for medical gear in hospitals.
Finally, we will report some results of in-vivo tests performed on the tongues of laboratory rats that were experimentally infected with C. albicans.
[1] J. Winter, R. Brandenburg, and K.-D. Weltmann, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 (2015) 064001.
[2] H. Tanaka and M. Hori, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 60 (2017) 29. 10 16
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Nanosecond pulsed discharges: generation, measurement and plasma processing
U T. Huiskamp UP 1 P , F.J.C.M. Beckers 1 , E.J.M. van Heesch 1 , W.F.L.M. Hoeben P 1
and A.J.M. Pemen 1
1 P
Eindhoven, The Netherlands (t.huiskamp@tue.nl)
In this contribution we report on our recent progress in generating and measuring nanosecond pulsed discharges for plasma processing applications. The nanosecond pulses are generated by a single-line pulse topology which is able to output 0.5-10-ns, positive and negative 0-50-kV pulses with a rise time of less than 200 ps at a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. With D-dot and B-dot sensors and spatiotemporal resolved iCCD imaging we monitor voltage and current waveforms and the development of the streamer discharge. In addition, we perform several plasma processing experiments. The results show extremely high yields in ozone generation and NO removal. A general conclusions is that the shortest rise time pulses result in the highest plasma processing yields and the highest streamer velocities.
It has been known for some time that pulsed discharges result in high plasma processing yields. In this project we developed (sub)nanosecond pulsed power technology to explore this further.
The nanosecond pulse technology consists of an adjustable, microsecond charged, pulse forming line, switched by a fast oil spark gap, that outputs 0.5-10 ns, ±0-50-kV pulses with an adjustable rise time with a minimum of less than 200 ps (example in Fig. 1) [1]. In addition, we developed high- frequency D-dot and B-dot sensors to measure the (sub)ns pulses [2].
Fig. 1 Example waveforms of the ns pulse source. 3. Transient plasma interaction In this topic we first studied the energy transfer from the pulse source to the highly dynamic plasma load with the result that we can achieve a very high energy transfer (over 90 %) [3]. Second, we studied the development of the streamer discharges in the plasma reactor with spatiotemporally resolved iCCD imaging [4]. The conclusion from the imaging results is that the development of the streamers is a complex interaction of the length of the plasma reactor and the local voltage in the reactor as a result of the propagation and attenuation of the very short nanosecond pulses.
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