On phenomena in ionized gases
Kinetic damping in the admittance and impedance spectra
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- 3. Spectra of the spherical Impedance Probe
- 4. References
- Memory effect in a dielectric barrier discharge in N 2 : phenomena in the gas bulk versus phenomena on the dielectric surfaces
- 2. Memory effect origin
- 3. Experiments and results
- Memory effect in Dielectric Barrier Discharge in N 2 /O 2 mixture: absolute
- Generation of Terahertz Radiation by Beating of Dark Hollow Laser Beams in Magnetized Plasma
- References
- Effect of permanent magnets on plasma confinement and ion beams from a helicon plasma source
Kinetic damping in the admittance and impedance spectra of the spherical impedance probe
J. Oberrath Institute of Product and Process Innovation, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
Active plasma resonance spectroscopy is a widely used diagnostic method, which utilizes the natural ability of plasmas to resonate near the electron plasma frequency. A radio frequent signal is coupled into the plasma via a probe, the spectral response is recorded, and a mathematical model is used to determine plasma parameter like electron density or temperature. By means of functional analytic methods the response function of a probe with arbitrary geometry can be derived in terms of a kinetic description. Based on this general response function the response of a specific probe design can be determined with an expansion in orthogonal basis functions, which will be presented for the spherical impedance probe. The approximated spectra of the admittance and impedance show a broadening, which can only be explained by kinetic effects.
Active plasma resonance spectroscopy is a plasma diagnostic method which employs the natural ability of plasmas to resonate close to the plasma frequency. Essential for this method is an appropriate model to determine the relation between the resonance frequencies and demanded plasma parameters. Measurements with these probes in plasmas of a few Pa typically show a broadening of the spectrum that cannot be predicted by a fluid model. Thus, a kinetic model is necessary.
A general kinetic model of electrostatic resonance probes valid for all pressures has been presented [1]. This model is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of such probes by means of functional analytic methods. One of the main results is, that the system response function is given in terms of the matrix elements of the resolvent of the dynamic operator evaluated for values on the imaginary axis. The spectrum of this operator is continuous which implies a new phenomenon related to anomalous or non- collisional dissipation. Based on the scalar product, which is motivated by the kinetic free energy, the non-collisional damping can be interpreted: In a periodic state, the probe constantly emits plasma waves which propagate to “infinity”. The free energy simply leaves the “observation range” of the probe which is recorded as damping.
Based on the general response function the response of a probe in a specific geometry can be derived by means of an expansion in orthogonal basis functions. Truncating this expansion leads to approximated spectra, which show a broadening of the resonances due to kinetic effects. To demonstrate this broadening in the spectra of an existing probe design, the spherical impedance probe (sIP) is chosen. Based on the approximated response function, the normalized admittance Y and impedance Z of the sIP are computed and compared to the first kinetically determined spectra of Buckley [2]. Their real parts for an elastic collision frequency of 0.15, which is normalized to the plasma frequency, are depicted in Fig. 1 and they are in good agreement with Buckley’s. The half width of the resonance peaks in the admittance and impedance spectrum are about 0.47 and 0.32, respectively. They show clearly a kinetic damping part compared to the collisional damping of 0.15. Differences compared to Buckley’s spectra are probably due to a different collision term in the presented results [1]. 4. References [1] J. Oberrath and R.P. Brinkmann, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23, 045006 (2014). [2] R. Buckley, J. Plasma. Phys. 1, 171 (1967).
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Fig. 1: Real part of the normalized admittance Y (bold) and impedance Z (dashed) of the sIP depended on the normalized frequency. 353
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Memory effect in a dielectric barrier discharge in N 2 : phenomena in the gas bulk versus phenomena on the dielectric surfaces
C. Tyl 1 , X. Lin
1 , N. Naudé 1 , S. Dap
1 , N. Gherardi 1
1 LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France
This work is focused on the study of the memory effect in Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD) at atmospheric pressure in N 2 /NO and N 2 /O 2 mixtures leading to a homogeneous Townsend discharge. An experimental approach with electrical measurements on a plane-to-plane DBD configuration is used. The literature suggests that the memory effect is mainly due to the collision of metastable species N 2 (A
u + ) on the dielectric surfaces, but other phenomena in the gas bulk such as associative ionization can also contribute to the stabilization of the discharge. A comparison of the amount of seed electrons generated between two discharges for different gaseous gaps at the same power density gives a first quantification of the two phenomena, as the influence of the metastable species is assumed not to vary with the gaseous gap.
The DBDs are a robust way to obtain a non- thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure, which has many applications in the surface treatment field. Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharges can be obtained in N 2 under specific conditions but it transits to the filamentary mode when the concentration of oxidizing gas exceeds a given threshold, which is not suitable for a homogeneous treatment of the surfaces [1]. The homogeneous regime is connected to a memory effect between two discharges which is highlighted by its electrical characteristics. The discharge current never reaches zero between two discharges. Hence, there is a current jump when the polarity reverses, due to the generation of seed electrons when the electric field is low enough to "trap" them in the gas volume. The origin of those seed electrons is thus the key phenomenon to understand the discharge physics of homogeneous DBDs.
The phenomena explaining the production of seed electrons under low electric field can be separated into two categories. First, in nitrogen- based mixtures, the collision of long-lived metastable species N 2 (A 3 u + ) on the dielectric surfaces can enhance the secondary electron emission between two discharges. Secondly, phenomena in the gas bulk have been highlighted by the addition of small quantities of oxidizing gas in nitrogen [1]: despite the metastable species quenching by oxygen, the memory effect increases. The associative ionization of N( 2 P) with O( 3 P) could then explain the production of seed electrons under low electric field. 3. Experiments and results The experimental set-up has already been described in a previous publication [2]. Current jump measurements have been made for two different gaseous gaps (1 and 2 mm), in nitrogen with addition of small concentrations of NO (from 0 to 40 ppm), for the same frequency and power density dissipated into the gas.
Figure 1 shows that the current jump at 2 mm is twice to four times bigger than at 1 mm when NO is added to N 2 . By assuming that the influence of the metastable species on the current jump does not depend on the gaseous gap, as those species do not move with the electric field, this increase would mainly be due to phenomena in the gas bulk. Thus, this comparison is a first approach which can give information on the ratio between the memory effect in the gas bulk and on the dielectric surfaces.
[1] Naudé N. et al., Proc. Int. Conf. on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (2013) [2] Massines F. et al., Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion 47 (2005) B577-B588 Topic number 10 Figure 1: Current jump comparison (gap = 1-2 mm), frequency = 3 kHz, power density = 3.5 W/cm 3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0,0 0,2
0,4 0,6
0,8 1,0
1,2 Curre
nt jump (mA) [NO] (ppm) 1 mm 2 mm
354 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
2 /O 2 mixture: absolute atom density measurements by Two-photon Absorption Laser-Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy
X.Lin 1 , C.Tyl
1 , S.Dap
1 , N.Naudé 1 , N.Gherardi 1
1 LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Franc
This work is aimed to study the memory effect in Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharge in N 2 /O 2 mixture. As we found that with the presence of few oxidizing gas, the memory effect is more significant which means more production of seed electrons between two successive discharges. This phenomena may be due to an associative ionization. To verify this hypothesis, the absolute density of N( 4
3 P) will be determined by two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence measurement. Furthermore, with the result of concentration of N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + )
from the literature, we can estimate the seed electron density, then we make the comparison with the experimental measurements.
Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is one kind of nonequilibrium discharge, generally working at atmospheric pressure. For most gases and discharge conditions, the DBD consists in a multitude of microdischarges corresponding to the so called filamentary regime. Under certain conditions, the discharge is homogenous along the electrodes surfaces. For example in helium, one can obtain a glow discharge characterized by a bright zone close to the cathode where the electric field is the higher [1]. In case of nitrogen, another homogeneous regime can be observed which is characterized by a uniform light layer located close to the anode [1]. This regime is called Townsend discharge because it exhibits several typical features similar to the dark Townsend discharge at low pressure. It has been shown that the occurrence of the homogenous DBD is only possible if a memory effect from one discharge to the following one occurs. This mechanism allows to create seed electrons at low electric field [1]. The bombardment of the cathode dielectric surface by the metastable state N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + ) resulting in the secondary emission of electrons was identified as a contributor to this memory effect [1]. However and counterintuitively we find that the addition of few oxygen (<100ppm) makes the homogenous discharge more stable, despite
the high destruction rate of N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + ) through quenching by oxygen. Due to this phenomenon we propose an additional memory effect occurring in volume and based on the following reactions [2]: N( 2 P) + O( 3 P) NO + + e
-
where N( 2 P) is produced by the reaction: N( 4 S) + N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + ) N( 2 P) + N 2 (X 1 ∑ g + ). The aim of the present work is to verify this hypothesis. For this purpose we determine the absolute density of N( 4 S) and O( 3 P) by using measurements Two-photon Absorption Laser-
Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) for N 2 /O 2 mixtures. The experimental results of Dilecce et al. [3] are used together with optical
emission spectroscopy measurements to estimate the concentration of N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + ) in the discharge. Then a simple 0D model is used to estimate the amount of seed electrons produced in the discharge volume through the aforementioned reaction. It allows to estimate the current jump occurring when the polarity reverses, which can be directly compared to experimental measurements. A relatively good agreement is found between them confirming that this mechanism can be considered as a serious candidate involved in memory effect. In the future, we plan to measure the N 2 (A
∑ u + ) metastable density through CRDS measurements in order to improve the accuracy of 0D model. Moreover, it is well known that a large amount of NO(X) can be produced in atmospheric pressure discharges in N 2 /O
mixture [4]. NO molecules being efficient quencher of N( 2 P) and N 2 (A 3 ∑ u + ), LIF measurements of the NO density will be performed in order to include these reactions in the 0D model.
[1] F. Massines et al., Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 47(2): 1-10(2009) [2] N.A. Popov, Plasma Physics Reports, 35(5), 436-449 (2009) [3] G. Dilecce et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 16: 511 (2007) [4] I.A. Kossyi et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 1 : 207-220(1992)
Topic number 10 355 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal 18 Generation of Terahertz Radiation by Beating of Dark Hollow Laser Beams in Magnetized Plasma Reenu Gill 1 , Sheetal Punia 1 and Hitendra. K. Malik 1
1 P
Terahertz radiation (THz) generation has been a fascinating area of research for the last few decades due to its diverse applications in the characterization of electronic materials, chemical/ biological sensing, explosives detections, non destructive testing, astronomy and atmospheric research, short distance wireless communications, etc.There are several ways to generate THz radiation including the schemes of THz generation from semiconductors, nonlinear crystals via electro-optic crystal, photoconductive antennas via time-varying current, air plasmas through ponderomotive force, etc. [1-6].In the present work, we use laser–plasma interaction technique to generate focused and more efficient THz radiation.
calculated the electric field of the THz radiation and the efficiency of the scheme when two dark hollow laser beams beat in magnetized plasma. We have considered the electron neutral collisions in plasma. We employ dark hollow beam because it has same power at different beam orders. With the application of magnetic field, we can obtain two or more peaks in the THz field which would be quite useful for medical diagnostics. The effect of collision frequency and order of the dark hollow beams on the nonlinear current and amplitude of the emitted THz radiation are studied. By optimizing the laser parameters and externally applied magnetic field we could obtain the THz radiation with high intensity and amplitude.
[1]C. Zhang, Y. Avetisyan, A. Glosser, I. Kawayama, H. Murakami, M. Tonouchi, Optics Express 20, 8784(2012). [2] Y. C. Shen, P. C. Upadhyay, H. E. Beere, and E. H. Linfielda, A. G. Davies, I. S. Gregory, C. Baker, W. R.Tribe, and M. J. Evans, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 164 (2004). [3] H.K. Malik, Phys. Lett. A 379, 2826(2015). [4] C. Weiss, R. Wallenstein, and R. Beigang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4160 (2000). [5] D. Singh and H. K. Malik, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24, 045001 (2015). [6] M. Singh and R.P. Sharma, EPL 101, 25001 (2013).
356 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Effect of permanent magnets on plasma confinement and ion beams from a helicon plasma source
Erik Varberg 1 and Åshild Fredriksen 1
P 1 P
The experiments in this work was carried out to investigate how permanent magnets (PM) affect the confinement and ion beam properties in an inductively coupled plasma expanding from a helicon source. PMs were added around the exit port of the plasma source, and the effect was investigated experimentally by measuring the ion distribution using a Retarding Field Energy Analyser (RFEA). The plasma parameters obtained with and without the PMs were compared. It was found that the downstream plasma density can in some cases be doubled with PMs mounted. On the other hand, the ion beam velocity was reduced with a factor of typically 0.9. However, because of the increased ion beam density the ion beam flux increased by a factor of up to 1.5.
In inductively coupled helicon discharges, an ion beam can form at the intersection between the plasma source and the expansion chamber in a diverging magnetic field [1]. The magnetic field in which the plasma expands from the source into the diffusion chamber plays an important role in generating the sharp potential drop, a so-called current-free double layer (CFDL), which again forms the ion beam. For most helicon sources, an axial magnetic field is produced by DC current coils around a cylindrical source. The field lines expand from the source into the source chamber. In the source of the Njord device [2] a 30 cm long Pyrex glass cylinder with a radius r = 6.9 cm is coupled to the diffusion chamber through a port with radius 10 cm and length 8 cm. Simulations of the expanding magnetic field show that the field lines leaving the edge of the source are crossing the port wall. This field geometry leads to loss of electrons and affects the confinement of the plasma as well as the ion beam generated by the CFDL. In this work, we installed permanent magnets around the circumference of the port and investigated their effect on the plasma confinement and ion beam energy an –flux.
2. Experiment and results Radio Frequency (RF) power between 100 W and 800 W was fed to a saddle antenna wrapped around the Pyrex tube, underneath a pair of magnetic field coils which generated a maximum axial magnetic field of about 200 G. A stainless steel ring supporting 18 neodymium magnets (Grade N42) was placed around the circumference of the port. Argon gas was fed to the end of the source tube, to provide working pressure between 0.6 µ bar and 1.1 µ bar for which an ion beam is generated. A RFEA was used to obtain plasma and beam density, as well as plasma potential and beam energy [3]. Plasma parameters were obtained with and without PMs. Ratios of densities, potentials, as well as beam energy and fluxes could then be derived. It was found that at RF power P > 600 W the downstream plasma density within the beam could be doubled with PMs mounted, while the beam velocity decreased by typically a factor 0.9. However, the higher ion beam density resulted in a significant increase of the ion beam flux. In Figure 1, the ratio of ion beam fluxes as a function of power is shown. Figure 1. Center ion beam velocity ratio and ion beam flux ratio versus RF-power at pressure P = 0.65mBar and magnetic coil current I Coils = 5 A.
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