Naturalism - the doctrine that reality is governed by certain laws, including those of cause and effect.
Nihilism - 1. the view that nothing can be known, that knowledge is illusory, meaningless, or irrelevant; the denial of any objective ground of truth. 2. the view that moral values and perspectives are groundless and cannot be justified, either by appeal to God and tradition or by appeal to the human conscience, intuition, or the laws of a state. 3. the belief (e.g., of Nietzsche) that the universe has no ultimate aim or purpose, that human life is insignificant. [From the Latin nihil, "nothing".]
Nirvana - in Buddhist religion, a state of mystical wisdom achieved after all fleshy desires have been surmounted. In Hindu religion, the renunciation of all material attachments and achievement of ultimate happiness. noumenon: in Kantian philosophy, the thing-in-itself which cannot be perceived in experience.
Objective - independent of individual apperception or feeling; cf. subjective.
Ockham's Razor (or Occam's Razor) - a principle developed by William of Ockham (1285-1349) which holds that the simplest of two or more competing theories is preferable, and that entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem ("entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity"). The principle is often referred to as the law of parsimony.
Ontology - the study of being, of the ultimate nature of things.
Ousia - a Greek term meaning essence, the essential nature of a thing.
Panentheism - the view that God is both "in" all things and outside of all things at the same time; the idea that God is both immanent and transcendent.
Panpsychism - the theory that all objects in the universe - "inanimate" as well as "animate" - have an inner being or psychological nature.
Pantheism - the doctrine that God is inherent in all things, that every particular thing in the universe is a manifestation of God's essence. The doctrine was most influentially and cogently advanced by Spinoza.
Peripatetic - a follower or disciple of Aristotle. The word comes from the Greek verb "to walk about"; while holding discussions with students, Aristotle would frequently walk around.
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