Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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the first report from Iran, and urgent measures need to be taken in order to prevent the progression and worsening of the problem and emergence of its undesired consequences.
Int J Cardiol. 2010 Nov 19;145(2):310-1. Epub 2009 Nov 17. Obesity in Relation to Gender, Educational Levels and Living Area in Adult Population in Rasht, Northern Iran. Maddah M, Solhpour A. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight/obesity by sex, educational levels and living area in adult population in Rasht City, northern Iran. A cross-sec onal survey on 6223 women aged 38.6±5.9 years and 6028 men aged 43.1±6.4 years was conducted in 2006. A random sample of 35 schools was selected from different parts of Rasht. The parents were asked about their age, education, body weight and height and home address. The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity in men and women were 55.6% and 67.9% (p<0.0001), respec vely. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was positively related to educational level in men. In women, a U shaped association between educational level and overweight/obesity was found. Overweight/obesity was more prevalent in women living in high income area than those who live in low income area (70.7% vs. 65.3% p<0.0001). Living area was not related to the prevalence of overweight/obesity in men.
These data
suggested that
overweight/obesity is a public health concern in Rasht. Knowing the risk factors in subgroups is important for planners at country level because it helps to target interventions.
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J Res Med Sci. 2010 Nov;15(6):331-43. The Effect of Hypocaloric Diet Enriched in Legumes with or without L-Arginine and Selenium on Anthropometric Measures in Central Obese Women. Alizadeh M, Daneghian S, Ghaffari A, Ostadrahimi A, Safaeiyan A, Estakhri R, Gargari BP. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
valuable for health. The aim of this study was to find out whether L- Arginine (Arg) and selenium alone or together can increase the effect of hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes (HDEL) on anthropometric measures in healthy obese women.
undertaken in 84 healthy premenopausal women with central obesity. After 2 weeks of run-in on an isocaloric diet, participants were randomly considered to eat HDEL, Arg (5 g/d) and HDEL, selenium (200 µg/d) and HDEL or Arg, selenium and HDEL for 6 weeks. The following variables were assessed before interven on and 3 and 6 weeks a er it: weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and fasting nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) concentrations. Other variables (arm, thigh, calf and breast circumferences, subscapular, triceps, biceps and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, sum of skinfold thicknesses (SSF), body density (D) and estimated percent of body fat (EPF)) were assessed before and after intervention. RESULTS: HDEL showed a significant effect in reduction of waist, hip, arm, thigh, calf and breast circumferences, triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses, WHR, SSF, D and EPF. HDEL + Arg + selenium significantly reduced suprailiac skinfold thicknesses; and there was no significant effect of HDEL, Arg, selenium and Arg plus selenium on weight, BMI and fasting NO(x). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that HDEL + Arg + selenium reduce suprailiac skinfold thicknesses which represents the abdominal obesity reduction.
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Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct;13(10):1519-21. Epub 2010 Mar 31. Underweight and Overweight among Children in Zahedan, South-East Iran. Maddah M, Shahraki T, Shahraki M. Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran. maddahm@yahoo.com
and overweight in a group of primary-school children in Zahedan, south- east Iran.
schoolchildren. SETTING: Primary-school children in Zahedan city. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 1079 students (boys = 500 and girls = 579). Data on child's age, parental educational levels, body weight and height were collected.
and 10.3 %, respec vely; and of underweight among boys and girls was 22.8 % and 19.9 %, respec vely. Prevalence of overweight increased as the boys and girls approached adolescence and it was more prevalent among girls than boys. Prevalence of overweight was directly related to maternal education in this population. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of underweight in young children as well as increase in the prevalence of overweight in girls and boys near adolescence are of concern. Early poor growth and subsequent rapid weight gain near to adolescent stage is related to adulthood obesity. 112
Acta Med Indones. 2010 Oct;42(4):209-15. The Appropriate Waist Circumference Cut-Off for Iranian Population. Heshmat R, Khashayar P, Meybodi HR, Homami MR, Larijani B. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences. North Kargar St. Tehran 14114, Iran. rheshmat@razi.tums.ac.ir
among adults aged between 19 to 65 years in five major ci es in Iran. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the anthropometric measurements including weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were performed in 5724 healthy adults, representative sample of Iranian population, in the urban areas of five great cities of Iran. The prevalence of obesity was calculated in each district. ROC curves were used to evaluate an optimal WC cutoff for predicting obesity. RESULTS: Considering BMI categories, 38.5% were overweight and 19.7% were obese. Abdominal obesity by WC criteria was reported in 45.1% and 19.6% of women and men, respec vely. The waist circumference cut-off points corresponding to BMI values of ≥ 30 kg/m2 were 99.5 cm for men and 94.25 cm for women.
professionals and policy makers about the high prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in Iran.
Aging Male. 2010 Sep;13(3):155-8. The Effect of Male Body Mass Index on Sperm Parameters. Sekhavat L, Moein MR. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sedughi hospital, Shahid Sedughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran. sekhavat@ssu.ac.ir
Overweight and obese men have been reported to have lower sperm quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate, whether body mass index (BMI) is related to changes in semen parameters. In a cross-sectional study, 113
sperm parameters were reviewed in 852 normal, healthy men, of reproduc ve age (25-50). BMI was divided into four groups: underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Sperm concentration of overweight and obese men were 63 and 62, respec vely, which were lower than subjects with normal BMI (71). Total sperm count and sperm motility in overweight and obese men were significantly lower than men with normal BMI too. Sperm morphology in study groups was similar. The results revealed a significant inverse correlation between the BMI and the sperm parameters.
Arch Iran Med. 2010 Sep;13(5):384-90. Association Study of the -866G/A UCP2 Gene Promoter Polymorphism with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in a Tehran Population: A Case Control Study. Heidari J, Akrami SM, Heshmat R, Amiri P, Fakhrzadeh H, Pajouhi M. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract BACKGROUND: A func onal polymorphism in the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene promoter has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in some popula ons. The impact of UCP2 polymorphisms on diabetes and obesity is still under debate. Contradictory results have been reported in different populations world-wide. To clarify the contribution of the UCP2 gene -866 G/A polymorphism in the Iranian popula on, we studied its association with obesity and T2D.
without obesity, 75 obese pa ents without diabetes and 75 control subjects. The UCP2 -866 G/A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: In the normal Iranian population, GG polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased HDL-C level (P=0.027). G/A polymorphism was not associated with obesity and T2D in our study population, but the odds ratio (OR) between GG and G/A polymorphism was 0.61 with a confidence interval (CI) range of 0.34 - 1.08 in obese patients. Subjects with AA genotypes in all of the studied groups showed a lower body mass index (BMI) than subjects with the GG genotype.
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CONCLUSION: Although the data in our study population is not statistically significant, the A allele in the UCP2 gene promoter seems to be protective against obesity. This may suggest the possibility of UCP2 as a target molecule for studies on the etiology and treatment of obesity.
East Afr J Public Health. 2010 Sep;7(3):219-24. The Link Between BMI and Waist Circumference In Northern Iranian Adults. Hajian-Tilaki K, Heidari B. Dept of Social Medicine and Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. drhajian@yahoo.com Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Waist circumference and not body mass index explains a greater variance in obesity-related health risk. The present study assesses the link between BMI and WC in Iranian adults.
northern Iran, we investigated the link between WC and BMI using linear regression model.
= 0.61 (p < 0.001) for male and R = 0.75 (p < 0.001) for female. The fi ed models were: WC(cm) = 44.45 +/- 1.79 BMI, (R2 = 0.37, p < 0.001) and WC(cm) = 36.85 +/- 1.89 BMI (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001) respec vely. A er adjusting of age, gender and marital status, the association of BMI on WC is persisted. The overall discrimination ability of BMI for abdominal obesity as estimated by AUC was 0.865 (95% CI: 0.851-0.879, p < 0.001).
would help to estimate WC and its upper and lower confidence bond from height and weight.
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Public Health Nutr. 2010 Sep;13(9):1389-94. Epub 2010 May 4. Factors Related To Obesity Among Iranian Men: Results From The National Health Survey. Bakhshi E, Mohammad K, Eshraghian MR, Seifi B. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, only a few Iranian studies have investigated factors associated with obesity among men. The aims of the present study were to explore the associations between sociodemographic factors, smoking and obesity in Iranian men and compare these associations between Iranian men and women.
generalised es ma ng equa ons model included 11,697 men and 14,854 women aged 20-69 years (12,850 households). Body weight and height were objectively measured. BMI was calculated as kg/m2, and subjects were classified into obese (BMI >or= 30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2). RESULTS: Among men, adjusted obesity OR were 0.62 (95 % CI 0.52, 0.74), 1.09 (95 % CI 0.90, 1.32), 1.003 (95 % CI 1.00, 1.007) and 0.57 (95 % CI 0.40, 0.81) for smokers, married, economic index and ac ve workforce groups, respectively. Using low education as the reference group, the obesity OR for men were 1.06 (95 % CI 0.89, 1.26) and 0.75 (95 % CI 0.57, 0.99) for the moderate and high education groups, respectively. Using rural as the reference group, the obesity OR was 1.87 (95 % CI 1.56, 2.26) for urban men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may point towards a better understanding of the social and cultural mechanisms of obesity in Iranian men. The above sociodemographic factors are large contributors to obesity and provide the greatest opportunity for actions and interventions designed for prevention and treatment.
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Published in Volume: 8 Issue 3: September 28, 2010 Secular Trends of Obesity in Iran between 1999 and 2007: National Surveys of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases
Alireza Esteghamati, M.D., 1 Omid Khalilzadeh, M.D., M.P.H., 1 Kazem
Mohammad, M.D., Ph.D., 2 Alipasha Meysamie, M.D., M.P.H., 3 Armin
Rashidi, M.D., Ph.D., 1 Mandana Kamgar, M.D., M.P.H., 1 Mehrshad Abbasi, M.D., 1
4 and Mehrdad Haghazali, M.D. 4
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3 Departments of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4 Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Abstract BACKGROUND: Obesity is a rapidly progressing pandemic and a central feature of the metabolic syndrome. There is no solid evidence on the recent trends of obesity in Iran. In this study we present the secular trends of overweight and obesity among Iranian adults (25–64 years old) within an 8- year period (1999–2007).
sectional national surveys: The National Health Survey–1999 (n = 21,576), National Surveys of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD)–2005 (n = 70,945), and SuRFNCD–2007 (n = 4,186). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 13.6% in 1999 to 19.6% in 2005 and 22.3% in 2007 [odds ra o (OR) = 1.08 per year; P < 0.001]. For overweight subjects, the rates were, respec vely, 32.2%, 35.8% and 36.3% (OR = 1.02 per year; P < 0.001). During these years, the mean body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ) increased from 25.03 in 1999, to 26.14 in 2005, and 26.47 and 2007 (P < 0.001). The increase in prevalence of obesity was seen in both males (OR = 1.09 per year; P < 0.001) and females (OR = 1.07 per year; P < 0.001) and both urban (OR = 1.07 per year; P < 0.001) and rural (OR = 1.10 per year; P < 0.001) residents. 117
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study highlighted the rapid growth of obesity during recent years in Iran. Our findings indicate the crucial necessity of primary prevention programs to counteract this undesired condition.
Diseases of the Esophagus, September 2010:23(7):597–602 Associations of Risk Factors Obesity and Occupational Airborne Exposures with CDKN2A/P16 Aberrant DNA Methylation in Esophageal Cancer Patients S. Mohammad Ganji 1,2 , E. Miotto 1 , E. Callegari 1 , K. Sayehmiri 5 , F.
Fereidooni 3 , M. Yazdanbod 4 , F. Rastgar-Jazii 2,* , M. Negrini 1,*
It is known that obesity and occupational airborne exposure such as dust are among risk factors of esophageal cancer development, in particular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of esophagus. Here, we tested whether these factors could also affect aberrant DNA methyla on. DNAs from 44 fresh tumor ssues and 19 non-tumor adjacent normal tissues, obtained from 44 pa ents affected by SCC of esophagus (SCCE), were studied for methylation at the CDKN2A/p16 gene promoter by methyla on-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. Statistical methods were used to assess association of promoter methylation with biopathological, clinical, and personal information data, including obesity and airborne exposures. Methylation at the CDKN2A/p16 gene promoter was detected in 12 out of 44 tumor samples. None of the non-tumor tissues exhibited the aberrant methylation. Our results confirmed previously described significant association with low tumor stage (P= 0.002); in addi on, we found that obesity (P= 0.001) and occupa onal exposure (P= 0.008) were both significantly associated with CDKN2A/p16 promoter methyla on. This study provides evidence that obesity and occupational exposure increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer through an enhancement of CDKN2A/p16 promoter methylation.
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Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Sep;89(3):327-33. Performance of Different Definitions of Metabolic Syndrome for Children and Adolescents in a 6-Year Follow-Up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (Tlgs). Mirmiran P, Sherafat-Kazemzadeh R, Farahani SJ, Asghari G, Niroomand M, Momenan A, Azizi F. Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
syndrome (MetS) in predicting adulthood MetS among Tehranian adolescents in a 6-year follow-up.
Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) in 1999-2001; MetS was assessed based on five defini ons for adolescents. In 2005-2007, 572 age 18 years and over were assessed for MetS by NCEP ATP III adults' criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating curve for attaining adulthood MetS, obesity and overweight were calculated for each MetS definitions. RESULTS: The prevalence of adolescence MetS varied from 0.7+/-0.2 to 15.1+/-0.8% by different defini ons in adolescents and 4.0+/-0.9% among adults. The highest area under curve for prediction of adulthood MetS pertained to the de Ferran 's defini on (0.723), and for predic on of adulthood obesity and overweight were 0.723 and 0.606, respec vely, for this definition. Kappa for agreement between these definitions was fair (0.195).
agreement with adult definition. Yet, a diagnosis of MetS in adolescents seems to be a good predictor of developing adulthood MetS within a short time. |
