Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Optimal Cut-Points for Body Mass Index, Waist
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Childhood Overweight, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries.
- Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Can We Control It
- Lifestyle and Ethnicity Play a Role in All-Cause Mortality.
- Obesity In Women from Developing Countries.
- Abstract OBJECTIVES
Optimal Cut-Points for Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference and Waist-To-Hip Ratio Using the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score in an Arab Population of the Middle East. Al-Lawati JA, Barakat NM, Al-Lawati AM, Mohammed AJ. Abstract We aimed to determine the gender-specific optimal cut-points for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, using Framingham risk score and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, among Omani Arabs. Nine percent of men, compared to 3% of women, had a 10-year total coronary heart disease (CHD) risk > or = 20%. In both genders, WHR was a be er predictor of CHD (area under the ROC curve 0.771 for men and 0.802 for women), followed by WC (0.710 and 0.727) and BMI (0.601 and 0.639), respec vely. For a 10-year CHD risk of > or = 20%, the op mal cut-points to assess adiposity in Omani men and women were > 22.6 and 22.9 kg/m2 for BMI, > 78.5 and 84.5 cm for WC, and > 0.96 and > 0.98 for WHR, respectively. To identify obesity among Omani Arabs, different cut-points for BMI, WC and WHR than the currently recommended ones are needed.
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J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;93(11 Suppl 1):S9-30. Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries. Misra A, Khurana L. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj,
New Delhi
110070, India.
anoopmisra@metabolicresearchindia.com Abstract CONTEXT: Prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing in developing countries, leading to increased morbidity and mortality due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Literature search was carried out using the terms obesity, insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, nutrition, physical activity, and developing countries, from PubMed from 1966 to June 2008 and from web sites and published documents of the World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: With improvement in economic situation in developing countries, increasing prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is seen in adults and particularly in children. The main causes are increasing urbanization, nutrition transition, and reduced physical activity. Furthermore, aggressive community nutrition intervention programs for undernourished children may increase obesity. Some evidence suggests that widely prevalent perinatal undernutrition and childhood catch-up obesity may play a role in adult-onset metabolic syndrome and T2DM. The economic cost of obesity and related diseases in developing countries, having meager health budgets is enormous. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent increasing morbidity and mortality due to obesity-related T2DM and cardiovascular disease in developing countries, there is an urgent need to initiate large-scale community intervention programs focusing on increased physical activity and healthier food options, particularly for children. International health agencies and respective government should intensively focus on primordial and primary prevention programs for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries.
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East Mediterr Health J. 2007 Mar-Apr;13(2):430-40. Comparison of BMI-For-Age in Adolescent Girls in 3 Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Jackson RT, Rashed M, Al-Hamad N, Hwalla N, Al-Somaie M. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA. bojack@umd.edu Abstract International comparisons of adolescent overweight and obesity are hampered by the lack of a single agreed measurement reference. We compared 3 BMI-for-age references on samples of adolescent girls from Egypt, Kuwait and Lebanon. Overweight and obesity was highest in Kuwait and lowest in Lebanon. Performance of the 3 standards differed only slightly although one was particularly applicable in country-to-country comparisons.
2007;29:62-76. Epub 2007 May 3. Childhood Overweight, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries. Kelishadi R. Department of Preventive Pediatric Cardiology, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center (WHO Collaborating Center), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. kroya@aap.net
The incidence of chronic disease is escalating much more rapidly in developing countries than in industrialized countries. A potential emerging public health issue may be the increasing incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries and the resulting socioeconomic and public health burden faced by these countries in the near future. In a systematic review carried out through an electronic search of the literature from 1950-2007, the author compared data from surveys on the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome among children living in developing countries. The highest prevalence of childhood overweight was found in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, whereas India and Sri Lanka had the lowest prevalence. The few studies conducted in developing countries showed a considerably high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among
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youth. These findings provide alarming data for health professionals and policy-makers about the extent of these problems in developing countries, many of which are still grappling with malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Time trends in childhood obesity and its metabolic consequences, defined by uniform criteria, should be monitored in developing countries in order to obtain useful insights for primordial and primary prevention of the upcoming chronic disease epidemic in such communities. East Mediterr Health J. 2004 Nov;10(6):789-93.
Musaiger AO. Abstract Obesity has become an epidemic problem worldwide, and in the Eastern Mediterranean Region the status of overweight has reached an alarming level. A prevalence of 3%-9% overweight and obesity has been recorded among preschool children, while that among schoolchildren was 12%-25%. A marked increase in obesity generally has been noted among adolescents, ranging from 15% to 45%. In adulthood, women showed a higher prevalence of obesity (35%-75%) than men (30%-60%). Several factors, such as change in dietary habits, socioeconomic factors, inactivity and multiparity (among women) determine obesity in this Region. There is an urgent need for national programmes to prevent and control obesity in the countries of the Region.
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(3):337-43. Nutrition-Related Health Patterns in the Middle East. Galal O. Abstract Nutritionally-related health patterns in the Middle East have changed significantly during the last two decades. The main forces that have contributed to these changes are the rapid changes in the demographic characteristics of the region, speedy urbanization, and social development in the absence of steady and significant economic growth. Within these changes, the Middle East has the highest dietary energy surplus of the developing countries. The population in the region has a low poverty prevalence, at 4%. The region's child malnutri on rate is 19%, sugges ng that nutrition insecurity remains a problem due mainly to poor health care and not due to inadequate dietary energy supply or poverty. The one extreme country, Afghanistan, has an extremely high dietary energy deficit of 490 kilocalories and a 40% malnutri on rate. Iran and Egypt have rela vely high child malnutri on rates of 39 and 16% respec vely, but belong to the dietary energy surplus group. Morocco and the United Emirates have the lowest child malnutri on rates of 6 and 8% respec vely. In the Middle East, as in other parts of the world, large shifts have occurred in dietary and physical activity patterns. These changes are reflected in nutritional and health outcomes. Rising obesity rates and high levels of chronic and degenerative diseases are observed. These pressing factors that include the nature and changes in the food consumption pattern, globalization of food supply, and the inequity in health care will be discussed.
J Nutr. 2003 Apr; 133(4):1180-5. Lifestyle and Ethnicity Play a Role in All-Cause Mortality. Lubin F, Lusky A, Chetrit A, Dankner R. Abstract The Israeli population is characterized by its marked ethnic diversity. These ethnic groups (originating mainly from Yemen/Aden, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe/America) have kept traditional distinct lifestyle habits and exhibit different morbidity and mortality trends. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations among ethnic background, lifestyle pa erns and 18-y all-cause mortality. A subgroup of 632 individuals aged
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41-70 y, drawn from a larger stra fied cohort from the Israel Glucose Intolerance, Obesity and Hypertension study, were personally interviewed, using a quantified food-frequency questionnaire, including most food items consumed by the different subpopulations in Israel. Physical activity was also evaluated, as well as smoking status. Weight, height and blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken. Predictors of mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Over the 18-y follow-up period, 151 deaths occurred (24%). In comparison with Yemenites, the adjusted hazard ra os (HR) for all cause mortality were HR = 1.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-3.09] for Europeans/Americans; HR = 1.63 (95% CI: 0.89-2.99) for those from a Middle Eastern background; and HR = 1.56 (95% CI: 0.82-2.97) for North Africans. Mortality risk was 43% lower among those consuming > or =25 g of dietary fiber daily [HR = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.41-0.72)], and 42% lower for those consuming <300 mg/d of cholesterol [HR = 0.58 (95% CI: 0.34-0.96)]. Accumula ng an average of 0.5 h/d of moderate physical ac vity reduced mortality by 47% [HR = 0.53 (95% CI: 0.29-0.97)]. Smoking increased systolic BP, older age and male sex increased mortality risk. We conclude that in our study, although ethnic origin and lifestyle habits are interrelated, each affects mortality independently.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;54(3):247-52. Obesity In Women from Developing Countries. Martorell R, Khan LK, Hughes ML, Grummer-Strawn LM. Department of International Health, The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. rmart77@sph.emory.edu
OBJECTIVES: The key objective was to estimate obesity (>/=30 kg/m2) in women 15-49 y from developing countries. A second objective was to study how obesity varies by educational level and by residence in urban and rural areas. A third objective was to investigate how national incomes shape the relationship between obesity and eduction or residence.DESIGN: The analyses use cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys from developing countries carried out in the last decade. Most of the surveys were Demographic Health Surveys (DHS). Data from a survey from the USA are used for comparison. Se ng:The 39 surveys used come from 38 d
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eveloping countries and the USA. SUBJECTS: A total of 147,938 non-pregnant women 15-49 y were included in the analyses .
The percentage of obese women was 0.1% in South Asia, 2.5% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 9. 6% in La n America and the Caribbean, 15.4% in Central Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS), 17.2% in the Middle East and North Africa, and 20.7% in the USA. Levels of obesity in countries increased sharply until a gross national product of US$1500 per capita (1992 values) was reached and changed li le thereafter. In very poor countries, such as in Sub-Saharan Africa, obesity levels were greatly concentrated among urban and higher educated women
. In more developed countries, such as those in Latin America and the CEE/CIS regions, obesity levels were more equally distributed in the general population.
Based on the analyses presented and on a review of the literature, it is concluded that obesity among women is a serious problem in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and the CEE/CIS region. Obesity is less of a concern in Sub-Saharan Africa, China and South Asia. Obesity levels increased over time in most of the limited number of countries with data, but at varying rates. Rising national incomes in developing countries and increased 'Westernization' will most likely lead to increased levels of obesity in the future.
Financial support was provided by the Food and Nutrition Program of the Pan American Health Organization and by the World Bank.
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