Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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- Obesity and Related Behaviors among Adolescent School Boys in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia.
- Self-Reported Knowledge and Pattern of Physical Activity Among School Students in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
- Hyperlipidemia in Saudi Arabia.
- Effect of Bispectral Index (BIS) Monitoring on Postoperative Recovery and Sevoflurane Consumption
BACKGROUND: Several studies were carried out to study the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi children, but those assessed the association between eating habits, socio-demographic differentials and obesity in these children are scarce. OBJECTIVES: To assess the magnitude of obesity and overweight among male primary schoolchildren and to find the possible association between obesity/overweight with dietary habits and socio-demographic differentials among them. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study including 1,139 Saudi male enrolled in the fi h and sixth grades in public primary schools in Al Hassa, KSA, through a multistage random sampling technique, submitted to interview using Youth and Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire, gathering data regarding dietary intake, some dietary habits, followed by anthropometric measurements with calculation of body mass index, the interpretation of which was based on using Cole's tables for standard definition of overweight and obesity. Socio- demographics data were collected through parental questionnaire form. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 12 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA), univariate as well as multivariate analyses were conducted.
overweight among the included subjects was 14.2% while obesity was 9.7%, more in urban, older age students, mothers of obese and overweight were less educated, more working. Missing and or infrequent intake of breakfast at home, frequent consumption of fast foods, low servings of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy product per day, with frequent consumption of 533
sweets/candy and carbonated drinks were all predictors of obesity and overweight among the included male schoolchildren. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of childhood obesity is escalating and approaching figures reported in the developed countries. Less healthy dietary habits and poor food choices may be responsible for this high prevalence.
Al-Mulhim AR, Al-Sultan AI. Department of Surgery and Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Hassa, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia.
abdu3939@yahoo.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: To find out the efficacy of Modified Alvarado (MA) scoring system in diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the overweight patients. METHODS: All the patients with suspected acute appendicitis admitted in the surgical department at King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, Al-Hassa, during the period from September 2004 to December 2006 were included in the study. Pa ents with score of 7 or more of modified Alvarado score were included, pa ents with score of 6 or less were excluded. All pa ents underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination.
overweight and 12% pa ents were obese. Sixty percent of the pa ents had confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
diagnosis for acute appendicitis. It can be used as complementary aid for supporting the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in overweight and obese patients.
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Saudi Med J. 2008 Aug;29(8):1139-44. Obesity among Female School Children in North West Riyadh in Relation to Affluent Lifestyle. Alam AA. Department of Family & Community Medicine College of Medicine, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. awatif.alam@gmail.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obesity among elementary school female students and to identify some obesity-associated risk factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study surveyed healthy female school students (grades 4-6) during 2006-2007. Four private schools in North West Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were selected where the majority of high income families enrolled their daughters. One thousand and two hundred students were included. A pre-designed validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Weights and heights were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Students were categorized into obese and non- obese according to BMI by age scale. RESULTS: A total of 1072 students par cipated in the study with a response rate of 89.3%. Obesity was prevalent among 14.9% of students. We observed that the proportion of obese students inversely increased by age and schooling grade (p<0.001). Ninety-five percent of the students living in villas or big houses were obese. Approximately 89.2% admi ed that they are performing some exercises; however, 13.8% of them were obese. Consuming fast food and soft drinks were common practiced among obese students. Watching television on daily basis was prevalent among 97.5% of obese students.
integrating interventions at family and school level to match changes in social and cultural context. Awareness is needed to enhance healthy lifestyle.
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Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2008 Jul;8(2):185-92. Assessment of The Relationship of Hepatic Enzymes with Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Adults in Saudi Arabia. Al-Sultan AI. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine in Al-Ahssa, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the relationship of hepatic enzymes and serum albumin to obesity and insulin resistance in adults in Saudi Arabia.
obese and 68 non-obese was conducted. Anthropometric measurements, hepatic enzymes, serum albumin, blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) were measured.
transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, fasting glucose, serum insulin, and HOMA IR p < 0.001, <0.004 < 0.005, <0.0001, <0.0001, among obese subjects. Hepatic enzymes correlated with both anthropometric measures (body mass index (BMI), and waist to hip ratio) and markers of insulin resistance (HOMA IR, insulin, and fasting glucose). However, the study found that GGT had the strongest associations. Significant inverse correlation was found between serum albumin and BMI, HOMA IR, and serum insulin, p< 0.01, <0.05, <0.01, respec vely.
correlations with obesity and HOMA IR. GGT might be a better marker of hepatic pathology associated with obesity and insulin resistance in Saudi adults with restricted alcohol intake. The results also propose that albumin metabolism might be altered in obesity.
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Indian J Community Med. 2008 Jul;33(3):172-81. Overweight and Obesity And Their Association with Dietary Habits, and Sociodemographic Characteristics among Male Primary School Children in Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Amin TT, Al-Sultan AI, Ali A. Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University-Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Abstract OBJECTIVES: To assess the magnitude of obesity and overweight among male primary school children, and to find the possible association between obesity/overweight and dietary habits and sociodemographic differentials among them. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study, including 1139 Saudi male children enrolled in the 5(th) and 6(th) grades in public primary schools in Al Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), was conducted. The test included a multistage random sampling technique, based on interview using Youth and Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire, gathering data regarding dietary intake, dietary habits, followed by anthropometric measurements with the calculation of body mass index (BMI), the interpretation of which was based on Cole's tables for the standard definition of overweight and obesity. Sociodemographic data were collected through a parental questionnaire from. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 12 so ware (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA); both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The age of the school children ranged from 10-14 years. The prevalence of overweight among the subjects was 14.2%, while that of obesity was 9.7%; the prevalence was more in the urban, older age students. The mothers of obese and overweight children were less educated and more working. Missing and or infrequent intake of breakfast at home, frequent consumption of fast foods, low servings per day of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, with frequent consumption of sweets/candy and carbonated drinks were all predictors of obesity and overweight among the schoolchildren studied.
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CONCLUSION: The prevalence of childhood obesity is escalating and approaching figures that have been reported till now from the developed countries. Less healthy dietary habits and poor selection of food may be responsible for this high prevalence.
Saudi Med J. 2008 Jun;29(6):821-5. Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio In Relation to Various Definitions of Metabolic Syndrome among Saudi Pa ents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Alfadda AA, Al-Daghri NM, Malabu UH. Department of Internal Medicine and the Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aalfadda@ksu.edu.sa
pa ents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS).
T2DM, above 40 years of age, at King Abdulaziz University Hospital Diabetes Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between January and December 2006. Metabolic syndrome was defined, and compared according to 3 criteria, namely, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization. RESULTS: In the 250 pa ents studied, all 3 defini ons demonstrated significant increase in the Apo B/Apo A-I ra o, in Saudi type 2 diabe cs with the MetS. There was a strong positive correlation between the Apo B/Apo A-I ratio and triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol (r=0.43-0.54, p<0.0001), and a weak, yet significant, correla on (r=0.14-0.21, p<0.05) with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1c, however, not with body mass index (r=0.01, p=0.88). In contrast, the ra o showed strong negative correlation with high- density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.7, p<0.0001).
associated with MetS in Saudi pa ents with T2DM, similar to observa ons made in other ethnic groups.
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Saudi Med J. 2008 Jun;29(6):884-7. Trends in the Nutritional Status if Saudi Children. El-Mouzan MI, Al-Herbish A, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Omar AA, Qurachi MM. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, PO Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. drmouzan@gmail.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the trend in the nutritional status of Saudi children over a 10-year period. METHODS: The growth data collected between 1993--1994 were compared with those collected between 2004--2005 from all regions of the Kingdom. Both nutritional surveys had a similar design leading to representative samples of Saudi children determined by multistage probability sampling. Similar methodology of measurements of the weight and height were used. The data from the 1994 study, including the third, fifth, fiftieth, ninety-fifth, and the ninety-seventh percentiles, were plotted on the 2005 charts for the weight for age, height for age, weight for height. RESULTS: Compared to the 1994 results, the data of the 2005 study indicate an upward shift of the lower percentiles of the weight for age, and the weight for height, more than height for age, indicating improved nutritional status. However, the upward shift of the higher percentiles for the weight for age, and weight for height in the 2005 survey, indicate increased trend for overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: There is a demonstrable improvement in the nutritional status of Saudi children, and also tendency toward overweight and obesity over the last decade
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J Trop Pediatr. 2008 Apr;54(2):120-4. Epub 2007 Nov 25. Obesity and Related Behaviors among Adolescent School Boys in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Mahfouz AA, Abdelmoneim I, Khan MY, Daffalla AA, Diab MM, Al-Gelban KS, Moussa H. Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. mahfouz2005@gmail.com
Using stra fied sampling technique 2696 adolescent school boys (aged 11- 19 years) in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia were interviewed and examined for weight and height using standardized techniques. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight in the present study amounted to 16%. Using logis c regression analysis, lack of exercise prac ce in the previous week in general [aOR = 1.352, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.066-1.941] or in the class (aOR = 1.446, 95% CI = 1.083-1.931) were significantly associated with obesity. The present study showed that obesity among adolescent school boys in Abha City is a public health problem. There is a need for a national program in the country to prevent and control obesity among adolescents. The program should incorporate: dietary management of obesity, promotion of physical activity, health education campaigns and consideration of the possibility of providing facilities for practicing physical activity and exercise in the community.
East Mediterr Health J. 2008 Mar-Apr;14(2):344-55. Self-Reported Knowledge and Pattern of Physical Activity Among School Students in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Taha AZ. Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. aztaha@hotmail.com Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the self-reported knowledge and pa ern of physical ac vity among a sample of 1240 male and 1331 female intermediate and secondary school students in Al-Khobar city, Saudi Arabia. The majority of male and female students knew that physical activity is protective against diseases in general (92.9% and 91.8% 540
respec vely) and in the preven on of obesity (69.4% and 78.5%) but had poor knowledge about the role of physical activity in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Significantly more male students than female students prac sed physical ac vity 3+ mes per week (45.6% versus 33.7%). Age and the knowledge that exercise protects from obesity were the main determinants of the practice of physical activity among male students.
Saudi Med J. 2008 Feb;29(2):282-7. Hyperlipidemia in Saudi Arabia. Al-Nozha MM, Arafah MR, Al-Maatouq MA, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al- Marzouki K, Al-Mazrou YY, Abdullah M, Al-Khadra A, Al-Harthi SS, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A, Nouh MS. Taibah University, PO Box 344, Madina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. malnozha@hotmail.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hyperlipidemia among Saudis of both genders in rural and urban communities. METHODS: Selected Saudis in the age group of 30-70 years were studied over a 5-year period between 1995 and 2000 in Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained from history, physical examination, and analysis of fasting plasma lipids. The data were analyzed to classify individuals with hypercholesterolemia (HC) (total cholesterol > or =5.2 mmol/l), and hypertriglyceridemia (HT) (total triglycerides > or =1.69 mmol/l). Logis c regression analysis was performed to provide a risk assessment model and correlation with other coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors. RESULTS: The number of study samples included in the final analysis was 16,819. The prevalence of HC was 54% with mean cholesterol level of 5.4+/- 1.52 mmol/l. Prevalence of HC among males was 54.9% and 53.2% for females, while 53.4% among urban Saudis and 55.3% for rural Saudis. Hypertriglycemia prevalence was 40.3% with mean triglycerides level of 1.8+/-1.29 mmol/l. Males had sta s cally significant higher HT prevalence of 47.6% compared to 33.7% in females (p<0.0001).
This finding may suggest that CAD will soon be a major health problem. 541
Reduction in obesity by adopting healthier eating habits, and increasing physical activity are of considerable importance to our community.
Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2008 Feb;19(4):819-30. Effect of Bispectral Index (BIS) Monitoring on Postoperative Recovery and Sevoflurane Consumption among Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastric Banding. Ibraheim O, Alshaer A, Mazen K, El-Dawlaty A, Turkistani A, Alkathery K, Al- Zahrani T, Al-Dohayan A, Bukhari A. Department of Anesthesia, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. osamaibraheim@yahoo.com
Early and uneventful postoperative recovery of morbidly obese patients remains a challenge for anesthesiologists. It could be valuable to titrate the administration of inhaled anesthetic, such as sevoflurane, in morbid obese patients, in order to shorten emergence using bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. It would be a great advantage if BIS permitted a more rapid recovery and less consumption in morbidly obese patients with a high cost inhaled agent. The aim of the study is to show whether the titration of sevoflurane based on the BIS monitoring would allow shortening of recovery time in morbidly obese patients and to evaluate whether BIS monitoring would contribute to reduce the amount of sevoflurane administered while providing an adequate anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty morbidly obese ASA I & II patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB) procedures were studied. In the first group (15 pa ents), pa ents were anesthe zed without the use of BIS (non BIS or control group), and sevoflurane being administered according to standard clinical practice (control group). In the second group (15 pa ents), sevoflurane was trated to maintain a BIS value between 40 and 60 during surgery, and then 60-70 during 15 min prior to the end of surgery (BIS group). Recovery times were recorded. Time to extubation was also noted, as well as the me to achieve a modified Aldrete score of 9 were evaluated subsequently at 10-min intervals un l 3 h a er surgery by nurses who had no knowledge of the study. Sevoflurane consumption was calculated using the vaporizer weighing method. |
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