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THE ORIGIN OF WORDS AND TYPES OF ETYMOLOGY 
 
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8138798
  
Элбоева Шахзода Акмал қизи 
ЎзМУ ХФФ Хорижий тил ва адабиёти кафедраси 103-гурух талабаси 
Илмий рахбар Хорижий тил ва адабиёти кафедраси катта ўқитувчиси PhD., 
Эштўхтарова Бибигул Бектошевна 
 
Abstract. This article presents the etymology of the English vocabulary, types 
of etymology, the approaches and the principles of English etymological 
vocabularies,which are done by various linguists. Moreover, this article discusses 
some possible examples to these aspects above.  
Key words: English words, etymology, adopted words, phenomenon word 
roots, origins. 

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Etymology of words can be distinguished as the study of the birth, history and 
time-to-time changes in the forms and implications of words .The word etymology 
itself is derived from two Greek words:etymon - truth, basic meaning of the 
word,logos-teaching. Etymology is a section of linguistics, the science of the origin 
of words and their relationships together. The study of the etymology of the 
English words is an interesting and useful sphere.In accordance with Longman 
Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics majority of the English 
words have been adopted from other primitive languages such as Latin and Greek. 
Similar to this, numerous other words are formed by adding prefixes and suffixes. 
This study provides information about the borrowed words and their etymological 
analysis.
The object of etymological research is the word as a unity of sound form and 
specific lexical meaning. the purpose of studying etymology is to find out when a 
word arose, in what language and language situation, in what form and with what 
kind of meanings it arose.Finding out the origin of words, their history in a 
particular language, etymology also takes into account the data of other sciences - 
history, archeology, ethnography.First of all, etymology is closely connected with 
the history of peoples. Because, from ancient times people were the main carrier of 
the language, and the word, in turn, is the main unit of the language.Therefore
with the development of science. scientists became interested in studying 
etymology deeper and it was revealed that the study of the origin of words is based 
on 2 types.In various sources one can come across such expressions as false 
etymology, folk etymology and scientific etymology.
Folk etymology is understood as a linguistic phenomenon, the essence of which is 
that, by association with another word, similar in sound, a new understanding of 
the motivation of the word is given, which does not correspond to its actual 
history; this misunderstanding of motivation can lead to corresponding changes in 
the sound composition, and spelling, and sometimes in the morphological structure 
of the word. This word is included in the vocabulary of the language already in a 

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modified form, and only an etymological analysis restores its original motivation. 
ТBasically, the phenomenon of folk etymology is observed in the words of foreign 
languages, which, in their sound composition, are associated with already well-
known, similar-sounding words of the native language and are rebuilt accordingly. 
So, the modern English word "cutlet" goes back to the French word cotelette , the 
first part of which" cote", when borrowed, was associated with English "to cut" 
and was changed accordingly. The modern English word "buttery" comes from the 
borrowed Latin word botaria" a place to store drinks" (from Latin bota barrel, 
bottle ) ; it has been incorrectly associated with the English word butter . The word 
standard is usually incorrectly associated with the verb to stand , but it comes from 
the Old French word estandard"flag,banner"(modern French word etendard ), 
which goes back to the Latin word extendere"stretch, flutter" .The ancient Romans 
called such etymological comparisons "bull" or "cow" etymology. Since 
"etymologies" of this kind often arose among the people, these false interpretations 
later received the name "folk etymology". 
The another aspect of etymology is scientific etymology. But the term 
etymology, introduced into scientific circulation by the ancient Greek Stoics, 
acquires a truly scientific meaning only in connection with the using the 
comparative historical method, i.e. using its method dick, tricks and procedures. 
August Friedrich Pott (1802-1887) is recognized as the founder of scientific 
etymology, who outlined the foundations of etymology in a large two-volume 
work "Etymological studies in the field of Indo-European languages, with special 
emphasis on the transition of sounds in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian and 
Gothic" (1833-1836). He was the first to substantiate the need to establish strict 
sound correspondences between related languages and their units, without which, 
A.F. Pott, etymological studies are only witty exercises, devoid of any probative 
force. 
The etymological analysis itself involves the observance of three basic rules of 
etymologization: phonetic validity, word-formation motivation and semantic 
probability.The phonetic substantiation of the etymology of a particular word is 

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that the genetic identity of the compared words is established, the correspondences 
are recognized as natural, and all phonetic changes are declaredexplained by facts 
and analogies. The word-formation motivation of the etymology of a word consists 
in referring the analyzed word to a real-life word-formation series and determining 
the sequence of word-formation processes.The semantic probability of etymology 
lies in the fact that semantic convergence of words is recognized as possible due to 
the laws of their semantic development and refers to the same semantic series.At 
the same time, these rules are used not only in the process of etymologization, but 
also as criteria for assessing the correctness of a particular etymology and the 
direction of the etymologization process1. 
There are two types of scientific etymology: 
~ true, indisputable, absolutely reliable, and therefore final and 
~ hypothetical, conditional, conjectural 
We will show the method of analyzing the true etymology of the word 
sister.From Old English sweostor, swuster, Northumbrian soester"sister," or a 
Scandinavian cognate (Old Norse systir, Swedish syster, Danish søster), in any 
case from Proto-Germanic *swestr- (source also of Old Saxon swestar, Old Frisian 
swester, Middle Dutch suster, Dutch zuster, Old High German swester, German 
Schwester, Gothic swistar).These are from PIE *swesor, one of the most persistent 
and unchanging root words, recognizable in almost every modern Indo-European 
language (Sanskrit svasar-, Avestanshanhar-, Latin soror, Old Church Slavonic, 
Russian sestra, Lithuanian sesuo, Old Irish siur, Welsh chwaer).Then comes the 
allocation of the morphemic structure of the word, while each of its constituent