O‘zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta’lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi mirzo ulug`bek nomidagi

particular objects of analysis, give the corresponding "descriptions" of language 
consisting in ordered expositions of the constituent parts in question. Thus, the 
phonological description of language is affected by the science of phonology; the 
lexical description of language is affected by the science of lexicology; the 
grammatical description of language is affected by the science of grammar.
Any linguistic description may have a practical or theoretical purpose. A 
practical description is aimed at providing the student with a manual of practical 
mastery of the corresponding part of language (within the limits determined by 
various factors of educational destination and scientific possibilities practice of 
lingual intercourse, however, can only be realized by employing language as a 
unity of all its constituent parts, practical linguistic manuals more often than not 
comprise the three types of description presented in a complex. As for theoretical 
linguistic descriptions, they pursue analytical aims and therefore present the 
studied parts of language in relative isolation, so as to gain insights into their inner 
structure and expose the intrinsic mechanisms of their functioning. Hence, the aim 
of theoretical grammar of a language is to present a theoretical description of its 
grammatical system, i.e. to scientifically analyze and define its grammatical 
categories and study the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances out of 
words in the process of speech making. 
In earlier periods of the development of linguistic knowledge, grammatical 
scholars believed that the only purpose of grammar was to give strict rules of 
writing and speaking correctly. The rigid regulations for the correct ways of 
expression, for want of the profound understanding of the social nature of 
language, were often based on purely subjective and arbitrary judgments of 
individual grammar compilers. The result of this "prescriptive" approach was, that 

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alongside of quite essential and useful information, non-existent "rules" were 
formulated that stood in sheer contradiction with the existing language usage, i.e. 
lingual reality.
Nowadays, modern linguistics lays a special stress on the systemic character 
of language and all its constituent parts. It accentuates the idea that language is a 
system of signs (meaningful units) which are closely interconnected and 
interdependent. Units of immediate interdependences (such as classes and 
subclasses of words, various subtypes of syntactic constructions, etc.) form 
different microsystems (subsystems) within the framework of the global macro 
system (supersystem) of the whole of language.
Each system is a structured set of elements related to one another by a 
common function. The common function of all the lingual signs is to give 
expression to human thoughts.