O’zbekistоn respublikasi оliy va o’rta maxsus ta`lim vazirligi

Measurement of microhardness. This method, in addition to optical ­metallography, serves to identify various phases and structural formations in an alloy, to determine the degree of hardening of each phase in the system under study, the degree of hardening (or softening) of individual sections of friction surfaces and layers of material adjacent to the surfaces.
X-ray diffraction analysis makes it possible to determine the phase composition of alloys, to study the fine structure of the metal, the degree of perfection of the crystal lattice, the orientation of crystallites ­, and structural changes occurring in the surface layers of alloys during thermal and mechanical treatment and during friction.
Electron microscopy , which has a high resolution, makes it possible to observe the change in the structures of materials ­at a level close to the atomic level, the nature and even the course of the processes of destruction of the surface layer, and the study of the structures of grain boundaries. An electron microscope gives a magnification of 100,000 times or more.
X-ray spectral microanalysis allows, with a resolution reaching several micrometers, to investigate the distribution of various chemical elements in a material, which is very important for solving many metallurgical problems, as well as ­for studying and identifying various inclusions and precipitates on friction surfaces.
Continuous radiography method is a kind of X-ray diffraction analysis and is ­used to study friction surfaces. When conducting research, the equipment can be brought closer to the friction surface and the state of the metal can be recorded at the moment immediately following the moment the given point of the working surface ­leaves the contact. With the help of this method, the structure of the material is fixed (photographically or by an ionization counter) ­in a state close to that in which it was immediately ­in the process of friction and before the onset of intense cooling ­upon leaving the contact.