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Research methodology. The administrative-territorial 
structure is an important part of the state structure in most 
countries around the world. Natural-geographical, socio-
economic, and demographic considerations, as well as the 
necessities of public administration and local self-government, 
have all influenced the development of this organization 
throughout history [5]. States and federations typically divide 
their territory into administrative-territorial entities. There is 
no such separation except in relatively small countries like 
Bahrain, Malta, and Nauru. 
In the world's countries, there are numerous degrees of 
administrative-territorial division of the state. A two-stage 
division, for example, looks like this: 
provinces (region), provinces, districts, provinces; 
communities, municipalities, communes. 
Such a two-stage division exists in Bulgaria. 
Three-stage divisions imply the following units: 
provinces (region); 
districts; 
communities. 
Such a three-stage division is typical of countries such 
as China and Uzbekistan. 
Finally, there is now a four-stage division, for 
example, as in France: 
regions (there are 26 of them in France); 
departments (96 in France); 
districts (they do not have elected authorities); 
communes (in France there are about 37,000 of them 
in towns and villages). 
The constitutional legislation of each state determines 
the nature of the entities exerting local authority in 
administrative-territorial units [6]. The administrative-
territorial units listed above have either an appointed official 
(the governor of Bulgaria, the Poland, and the governor of 
Finland) or a council (the prefect and general council) elected 
by citizens in addition to the assigned official (for example, in 
French departments). There are also councils that are chosen 
only by citizens (by the council chairman and the mayor), and 
these councils exist in British counties and French communes. 
The traditional paradigm of governance, according to 
which only central entities are public authorities, is followed 
by the majority of countries around the world. The parliament, 
the head of state, the judiciary, the government, and its local 
representatives - commissioners, prefects, and governors - are 
all examples of these institutions. Local elected bodies and the 
governance they constitute are both local self-government 
entities and territorial community self-governing organizations 
[7]. 
It can be shown from the above arguments that local 
administrative-territorial units can exercise both local state 
authority and self-government. The current concepts must now 
be clarified. 
The systems are based on the notion of subordination 
of higher and lower municipal authorities by nature of the 
relationship between local governments (e.g., France, Italy, 
Japan, Germany) and differ from systems where such 
subordination is not legal (e.g., UK, USA) [8]. 
Special laws on local state power and self-
government, as well as laws controlling certain areas of state 
power, such as health, education, and others, frequently 
establish the powers of local state authority and self-
government bodies. The legislative bodies of the constituent 
units of the federation are responsible for determining the 
rights and obligations of municipalities in federal states [9]. 
City governments' powers are frequently divided into 
required and voluntary categories by laws. As a result, the first 
involves authority over matters of national interest. 
Municipalities are required to control roads, repair schools, 
provide fire services, and maintain settlement sanitation as a 
result of this. At the same time, towns' responsibilities might 
be broadened as a result of powers delegated to them by 
higher authorities [10]. The United States, Germany, the 
United Kingdom, and Japan all have laws that allow for the 
award of such powers. 
The powers exercised at the discretion of the 
municipal authorities are voluntary. These mainly include the 
provision of various services to the population, such as the 
organization of urban transport, gasification and electricity 
supply, libraries, theaters, city hospitals, the creation of 
utilities and housing. 
Regulation, control, and direct management of 
collective property (enterprises and institutions) are the most 
prevalent ways of municipal operation [12]. The opening and 
maintenance of shops, consumer and entertainment facilities, 

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