O‘zmu xabarlari Вестник нууз acta nuuz

O„zMU xabarlari Вестник НУУз ACTA NUUz
 
FILOLOGIYA 
1/6 2022 
- 301 - 
diverse commerce, and licensing of the right to trade in 
alcoholic drinks are all examples of modern municipal control 
and regulatory actions in the sphere of services to the private 
and local economy. Municipalities provide health care, 
pensions, and unemployment benefits in a number of nations. 
As in Austria and Germany, most municipalities own stakes in 
industrial firms, including private companies. 
Analysis and results. The fundamental smallest link 
of local self-government in foreign countries is the urban and 
rural communes, which go by several names (e.g., 
municipality in Denmark, commune in France, junta in Italy). 
In Austria, there are almost 2,300 communes, 647 in the 
Netherlands, and over 36,000 in France. Collectively, these 
self-governing entities are controlled according to democratic 
ideals [13]. 
The Israeli kibbutz is the most uncommon of these 
constructions. In Israel today, there are 274 kibbutzim, with a 
population of about 150,000 people, accounting for less than 
2% of the country's total population. The Kibbuts commune 
has a population of a few hundred individuals who work in 
agriculture or industry. Kibbuts members work on dairy farms, 
in gardens and even outside the settlement, contributing all 
proceeds to the general fund. The kibbuts administration then 
pays each member of the team the same salary regardless of 
what they do. Kibbuts residents enjoy many benefits when it 
comes to utilities or land for construction at very low prices. 
In matters such as the upbringing of children, economic 
affairs, and the maintenance of social discipline, kibbutz 
communes adhere to the principle of equal distribution of 
responsibility. 
Larger institutions of local self-government in foreign 
countries have the authority to create their own budgets. Their 
primary source of income is household fees and taxes. The 
majority of the payments come from real estate taxes (land, 
household, and community buildings). Local governments' 
budgets also include a minor amount of revenue from the 
municipal economy. Local government income are still 
insufficient to cover utilities costs for construction projects 
and various structures, notwithstanding the increase in local 
taxes. As a result, the practice of granting state subsidies to 
municipal authorities is widespread, leading to self-
government institutions' reliance on the central government in 
both financial and political affairs [14]. 
The United Kingdom has sufficient experience in 
providing financial support to local governments by the state. 
In particular, the sources of income of local budgets are: 
1. Grants and subsidies from the central government 
(approximately 40 percent ). The "tax subsidy" is the most 
important of these. It is provided in the form of a target fee, 
which is set based on each local government's financial 
capability and expected (preliminary estimates) costs. The 
central government and local government associations will 
agree on the mechanism for spending these money each year. 
In 
addition, 
targeted 
subsidies 
for 
housing, police 
maintenance, transportation, and capital expenditures will be 
provided;
2. Allocations to local budgets in the form of 
payments and real estate tax (approximately 30%) for lands 
that are not in agricultural use will be provided. The amount of 
discounts depends on the appraised value of the property and 
the level of interest discounts set by the local authority; 
3. Other income: rent, payment for services provided 
by local authorities (about 30%). 
As a result, municipal budgets account for roughly 
60% of total income, with the remainder coming from state aid 
in the form of subsidies and subventions. Ensure that the 
budget is met through a well-established revenue distribution 
system, the reduction of tax redistribution, and the careful 
targeting of subsidies. In all industrialized countries, the 
government supports the operations of self-governing bodies. 
Because the growth of relations between public officials and 
society will be facilitated by improving the system of local 
self-government. The easier it is to solve problems in society, 
the stronger the governance in the lowest system of 
government is.