Phraseology and Culture in English
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Phraseology and Culture in English
10.
Reasonably vs. raisonnablement When one compares the printouts of all the sentences with reasonably and those with raisonnablement in the English and French sections of the CO- BUILD Corpus one is struck by the differences between the two. To begin with, there are formal differences: the use of raisonnablement is predomi- nantly ad-verbal, with only very few examples of ad-adjectival usage, where- as in the case of reasonably, it is the other way around. Leaving aside the collocation reasonably well, the vast majority of sentences with reasonably shows ad-adjectival usage (62 ad-verbal to 315 ad-adjectival). Furthermore, in the French section, the rare examples of ad-adjectival usage are, for the most part, limited to just two combinations: raisonnable- ment optimiste and raisonnablement possible, which can both be inter- preted as implying ‘within reason’. For example: Philippe Boët, pour sa part, se veut raisonnablement optimiste: “Ne rêvons pas! Il n’est pas question de ramener la Seine à son état originel.” [‘Philippe Boët, for his part, wants to be “raisonnablement” optimistic: “Let’s not dream! One cannot bring Seine back to its original state”’] Autorités locales et régionales: publication, “dans la mesure où cela est raisonnablement possible”, des textes officials dans les langues régionales. [‘Local and regional authorities: publication, “to the extent to which it is ‘raisonnablement’ possible”, of the official texts in regional languages.’] Des cas d’une nouvelle variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob ont été détectés par la CJD Surveillance Unit (…), qui a conclu, aussi vite qu’il était raisonnablement possible, à un lien probable entre ces cas et l’ESB. [‘Cases of a new variety of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been de- tected by the CJD Surveillance Unit, which concluded, as soon as it was “raisonnablement” possible, that there was a possible link between these cases and the ESB.’] “Je suis raisonnablement optimiste, mais prudent”, ajoute M. Contassot, qui, tout en jugeant une victoire de la gauche à portée la main, ne mésestime pas la difficulté. [‘“I am reasonably optimistic, but cautious”, adds Mr. Contassot, who re- gards a victory of the left as possible, but doesn’t underestimate the diffi- culties.’] It is true that here and there, one comes across collocations which appear to imply a degree, such as raisonnablement satisfait (‘reasonably satisfied’), raisonnablement content (‘reasonably content’), and raisonnablement confi- 68 Anna Wierzbicka ant (‘reasonably confident’). On closer inspection, however, sentences with such collocations appear to be, for the most part, translations from English (and they tend to be rejected by native speakers as strange and unidio- matic). For example, the following three passages come from an Australian context and are clearly “translationese”: Même si M. Walter juge “raisonnablement confortable” son exposition en Russie, les engagements risqués dans ce pays se montent à 1 milliard de marks. [‘Even if Mr. Walter sees his exposure in Russia as “raisonnablement com- fortable”, the investments at risk in this country now reach one milliard marks.’] “Les Wallabies [sont] ‘raisonnablement’ confiants. Les Français ne peuvent pas nous faire le coup de la surprise”, lance le deuxième ligne et capitaine australien John Eales, qui s’attendait pourtant à retrouver les All Blacks en finale. [‘The Wallabies [are] “raisonnablement” confident. The French cannot sur- prise us’, says the Australian second-row-forward and captain John Eales, who expected nonetheless to meet All Blacks in the finals.’] Les Wallabies se sont avancés plus sûrs d’eux jour après jour. PAS TOUT à FAIT HEUREUX. Entrés dans la competition, dimanche 3 octobre, contre la Roumanie à Belfast (57-9), ils se sont appliqués à réussir leur premier match. “Je suis raisonnablement satisfait”, a lance l’entraîneur australien, faisant de cette flegmatique affirmation le leitmotiv de tous ses commentaries d’après- match. [‘The Wallabies are more confident every day. NOT ENTIRELY HAPPY. Starting in the competition on Sunday October 3 against Romania in Belfast (57-9), they made every effort to succeed in their first match. “I am ‘raison- nablement’ satisfied”, said the Australian coach, making this phlegmatic statement the leitmotiv of all his commentaries after the match.’] By contrast, in the English printout, the vast majority of sentences in- clude collocations where reasonably can be said to function as a kind of “adverb of degree”. We will recall here the COBUILD’s definition of one sense of reasonably as ‘to a good or great degree’. While I have argued that this definition does not fully capture the meaning in question, it does point to one important aspect of reasonably in its most common usage. But the choice of the word great (‘to a great degree’) is wrong, because reasonably denies rather than affirms ‘a great degree’ (I can’t say “very”). The use of the word or is also wrong, because when reasonably is used as a degree adverb it always implies something good, as shown by the fact that the |
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