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- Fire History and Weed Invasion
- 3.0 Flora Survey 3.1. Survey and Assessment Methodology
- Vegetation Communities Vegetation Community Description and Mapping
- Conservation Status Assessment
- Threatened Flora Species Searches and Occurrence Assessment Searches
- Potential Occurrence Assessment
- 3.2. Flora Survey Results Site Vegetation Communities
- Vegetation Community Paperbark Swamp Forest/Low Swamp Forest Plant Community Type ID (VIS)
- Keith (2000) Formation and Class Forested Wetlands: Coastal Swamp Forests GDE ID Not described Location
- Description (a) Canopy
- Threatened plants recorded or potential habitat
- Keith (2000) Formation and Class Freshwater Wetlands: Coastal Heath Swamp GDE ID
- Description (a) Canopy : Absent (b) Shrub Layer
14 Figure 2: GTCC LEP zoning map. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 15 Figure 3: Quaternary geology Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 16 Photo 3: Historical evidence of machinery disturbance on west side of access road Adjacent Lands Much of the study area appears to have been long been subject to land clearing activities associated with historical pastoralism, and more recently recreation (soccer fields to the south), large lot, tourist and residential development. Adjacent native vegetation in the surrounding area on private land is thus generally of an age class similar or younger to that on site interspersed with roads, pasture, residences and tourist facilities. An area to the west of the Ramada Resort road and north of the study site appears to have been possibly subject to previous sand mining disturbance. Fire History and Weed Invasion The previous fire history of the site was not obtained, but the majority of the vegetation on site showed no signs of recent fire. Two 9m high Camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) suggest at least a ten year fire interval given their susceptibility while young to fire and the sub-optimal growing conditions present for this weed species. Additionally in the area south of the main drainage line, a number of varied juvenile mesic native species and some mature Pittosporum undulatum and Cheese Tree (Glochidion ferdinandi) would indicate a fire interval of at least 10 - 15 years as these mesic species are typically destroyed by fire. Of these native species, the Cheese Tree exhibits some limited capacity to Log & root ball debris together with pushed up soil Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 17 resprout and coppice following fire, but there was no evidence of this, which further supports a >10 year fire interval for that forested area south of the main creek. The groundcover over the site’s cleared areas is dominated by exotic pasture eg Carpet Grass (*Axonopus spp) and *Paspalum sp. This grass is typically mown short regularly limiting seeding, however the narrow band of exotic species on the edge of the survey site are able to readily set seed. Cocos Palms are also planted along the main access road. Lantana (*Lantana camara), Easter Cassia (*Senna pendula var. glabrata), Bitou Bush (*Chrysanthemoides monilifera) and Camphor Laurel (*Cinnamomum camphora) also occur in varied but limited abundance, and are mostly confined to that area of remnant native vegetation south of the main drainage line which crosses the Seashells access road. 3.0 Flora Survey 3.1. Survey and Assessment Methodology The flora survey essentially routinely consists of three components: • Identification, description and mapping of the major vegetation communities on the property. • Identification, mapping and condition assessment of any Endangered Ecological Communities listed under the TSC Act, and EPBC Act. • Searches for and (if found) mapping of threatened species listed under the TSC Act, and EPBC Act. Vegetation Communities Vegetation Community Description and Mapping Given the limited extent of the site, vegetation communities on site were surveyed by a foot traverse of the entire site, rather than via plots and transects. This was the most effective survey method due to the simplified nature of the vegetation present and limited site extent. Sub-formation names for vegetation types were adapted from the classification proposed by Keith (2004) e.g. ‘Forested Wetlands’ to assist the fauna habitat evaluation, and the structural classification used by Walker and Hopkins (1990). The NSW plant community type (PCT) classification was determined by reference to the Vegetation Information System (VIS) Classification database ( http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/research/Vegetationinformationsystem.htm ). Biometric classifications were also referred to and determined by reference to the Biometric Vegetation Types Database ( http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/vegetation/eoam/index.htm ). Species identification was made with the assistance of PlantNET, GTCC (2007), Bale (1993), Beadle (1982), Harden (1990, 91, 92, 93, 2000), Williams and Harden (1984), Williams and Harden (1980), Robinson (1994), and Brooker and Kleinig (1999). Plant species were identified to species or Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 18 subspecies level and nomenclature conforms to that currently recognized by the Royal Botanic Gardens and follows Harden and PlantNET for changes since Harden (1990-1992, 2000). Conservation Status Assessment Identification of possible Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs) was based on the data collected by the survey and review of the relevant listings on the OEH website ( www.environment.nsw.gov.au ) and Department of Environment – MNES SPRAT website (DotE 2016a). Threatened Flora Species Searches and Occurrence Assessment Searches Searches for the locally recorded threatened flora recorded in the LGA and regionally (OEH 2015a, DotE 2015b) in similar habitats to those occurring on the site (see Appendix 1), were carried out over the survey period. The site was intensively searched over 1 dedicated person days, and incidentally during other survey activities. Survey methods consisted of undertaking random meanders throughout all habitats on site, with targeted searches of potential habitat for locally and regionally recorded threatened species. A targeted search was made for Allocasuarina defungens in the remnant vegetation areas due to generic potential habitat and local records (OEH 2015a). Potential Occurrence Assessment Potential occurrence assessment of threatened flora species was made on the following criteria. All locally and regionally recorded threatened species listed under the TSCA 1995 and EPBCA 1999 were assessed for their potential to occur on site based on the following factors (DEC 2004, Forest Fauna Surveys 1997, DECC 2007): • Presence/absence of suitable habitat. • Condition and disturbance history of habitat. • Local and regional records. • Location of site within known distribution of the species. • Connectivity with habitat where species is known to occur. Survey Limitations The study site was intensively traversed by foot during specific flora surveys and during other survey activities throughout the survey period. This ensured maximum detection of the diversity of flora present. The survey was undertaken on Monday 28/12/2015 and Friday 8/01/2016 in summer when most plants are generally flowering or carrying fruit. Weather conditions for December and January were Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 19 moderately wet and provided good growth conditions for all plants. Overall, the extremely high accessibility of the site and limited patch size resulted in a very high detection rate of plants present. The fauna survey was limited to observations and habitat searches over these two days, and did not employ specialist techniques such as camera trapping or call playback. Hence this is recognised as key limitation on the knowledge of presence/absence of cryptic species eg Wallum Froglet. Regardless, any short-term survey will only provide a list of plants and animals detected during a brief interval of time (DEC 2004). The total species list of an area is usually much greater than can be detected in such a short time and it can be influenced by factors such as: size of the property, fire history, time since disturbance, flowering season (particularly orchids), and presence of reproductive material (DEC 2004). As the focus was on detection of threatened flora species, a comprehensive inventory of all species present was not obtained. 3.2. Flora Survey Results Site Vegetation Communities Two remnant native vegetation communities were recorded on the study site. They exhibit a high degree of variation within themselves floristically and structurally due to their ecotonal nature, prior disturbance, and micro-topography variations leading to soil moisture variations. A third miscellaneous/derived community comprises the dam and miscellaneous aquatic vegetation. A description of the community floristics and structure is provided in the following tables. Refer to the Figure 4 and site photos following the descriptions for illustration, the flora species list provided in Appendix 1, and more photos in Appendix 5. Table 1: Low Swamp Forest Vegetation Community Paperbark Swamp Forest/Low Swamp Forest Plant Community Type ID (VIS) PCT ID 1064 Paperbark swamp forest of the coastal lowlands of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Sydney Basin Bioregion Keith (2000) Formation and Class Forested Wetlands: Coastal Swamp Forests GDE ID Not described Location Occurs at the southern end near Diamond Beach Road down to creek crossing on either side of the access road. It is bounded to the west by the Ramada Resort access road and to the east by cleared land. Description (a) Canopy: Structure and Species: The dominant species are Prickly-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca nodosa), Flax-leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca linariifolia) and Sieber's Paperbark ( Melaleuca sieberi) which co-occur and interchange in dominance. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 20 Vegetation Community Paperbark Swamp Forest/Low Swamp Forest Other associated species include Broad-leaf Paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Swamp Paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia), Swamp Oak ( Casuarina glauca), and Cheese Tree (Glochidion ferdinandi), with Swamp Mahogany (Eucalyptus robusta) as a common emergent more abundant on the eastern side of the access road. Foliage cover varies throughout the community with an average foliage cover of approximately 40% but reaching up to 80% in the area towards Diamond Beach Road. Trunk diameter at breast height (DBH) ranges from 8-20cm for the paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.) with heights of ~5-6m. Trunk DBH ranges from 16-62cm for the Swamp Mahogany with heights of ~5-12m. Some of the Swamp Mahogany trees are multi-trunk specimens possibly as a result of previous clearing efforts. Most of the trees are quite young and are estimated to be between 20-30 years old with ~30% being only 5-8m high. (b) Shrub Layer: Structure and Species: The understorey shrub layer in places is tall and forms a continuum with the paperbark dominated canopy so that there is no distinct layering in the vegetation. Elsewhere, the shrub layer tends to be low to mid-high (~0.5-1m high). Generally present throughout the site with varying degrees of foliage cover (<10% - 50%). Dominated by young canopy species in places with Hill Banksia (Banksia collina) throughout, with Fern-leaved Banksia (Banksia oblongifolia) more abundant towards the road culvert on the Seashells Resort access road. Other associated species include Black Oak (Allocasuarina littoralis), Coffee Bush (Breynia oblongifolia), Large- leaved Mock Olive (Notelaea venosa), Swamp Wattle (Acacia elongata), Satinwood (Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea), Tantoon (Leptospermum polygalifolium), Hairy Bush-pea (Pultenaea villosa), Broad-leaved Bramble (Rubus hillii), Wallum Bottlebrush ( Callistemon pachyphyllus) and Thyme Honey-myrtle (Melaleuca thymifolia). Lantana* (and Easter cassia* ( Senna pendula var. glabrata*) also comprise the shrub layer up to the canopy level in places. They are however largely present only on the eastern side of the Seashells Resort access road, representing 5-15% of the shrub layer biomass. (c) Ground Layer Structure and Species: Areas of native groundcover are dominated by Blady Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Bracken Fern (Pteridium esculentum), Harsh Ground Fern (Hypolepis muelleri), Tall Saw-sedge (Gahnia clarkei), Bare Twig-rush (Baumea juncea) and Pouched Coral- fern ( Gleichenia dicarpa). Other associated species include Spiny-head Matrush (Lomandra longifolia), Blue-flax Lily (Dianella caerulea), Wiry Panic (Entolasia stricta), Bordered Panic (Entolasia marginata), River Rose (Bauera microphylla), Slender Twine Rush (Leptocarpus tenax), Weeping Rice Grass ( Microlaena stipoides), Ivy- leaved Violet ( Viola hederacea), White Root ( Pratia purpurascens) and Rough Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum hispidulum). Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 21 Vegetation Community Paperbark Swamp Forest/Low Swamp Forest The following exotic species occur along the edges of this community in a narrow discontinuous band adjoining mown grass:. *Whisky Grass (*Andropogon virginicus), *Dandelion (*Taraxacum officinale), Parramatta Grass (*Sporobolus africanus), Lamb’s Tongue (*Plantago lanceolata), Pigeon Grass (*Setaria sp.), *Shivery Grass (*Briza minor), Quaker Grass (*Briza media), Beach Pennywort* (* Hydrocotyle bonariensis), and *Vasey Grass (*Paspalum urvillei) Densities on ground cover were typically low to medium (~20-40%) with heights ranging from 0.05m to 1.5m. (d) Lianas, scramblers, etc: Structure and Species : Lianas and scramblers were present throughout these areas, with the most prevalent species including Monkey Rope ( Parsonsia straminea) and Common Milk Vine (Marsdenia rostrata). Other species include Snake Vine ( Stephania japonica), Wonga Wonga Vine (Pandorea pandorana), Climbing Guinea Flower (Hibbertia scandens) and Twining Glycine (Glycine clandestina). Condition General condition is good. This area has been subject to some clearing historically as evidenced by the remains of a minor Swamp Mahogany log pile (including root mass). Previous clearing efforts may also explain the multi-trunk Swamp Mahogany trees present and the present dominance by paperbark species. Nevertheless natural regeneration of native species (including the canopy species Swamp Mahogany and paperbark species) is occurring and the sub-stratum is predominantly composed of native species. Edaphic conditions, historical fire events, relative maintenance of natural nutrient levels and hydrology have retained diversity. Some soil and hydrological disturbance has occurred ie the two drainage lines and the main creek and culvert essentially demarcate the northern occurrence of Swamp Mahogany in the survey area. This community is bisected by the Seashells Resort access road and is bound by slashed grass areas or roads. It is therefore subject to edge effects. At present, it is only affected by a low abundance of Lantana and Easter Cassia together with two Camphor Laurels. However Camphor Laurel seedlings and two Ground Asparagus Fern seedlings were found. With their capacity to smother vegetation and form closed canopies, these exotic species are regarded as ecosystem transformers and will be problematic for the condition of this community if they are not controlled or fire is excluded. Threatened plants recorded or potential habitat Previous clearing and ongoing edge effects suggests any such species are likely to have been displaced and unable to recruit given state of surrounding habitat. Conservation Value This patch of paperbark swamp forest broadly conforms to the floristic characteristics of Swamp Sclerophyll Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner bioregions Endangered Ecological Community (EEC), but does not meet the geomorphological criteria as it does not occur on a landform derived from fluvial processes ie not a coastal floodplain. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 22 Photo 7: Low swamp forest Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 23 Figure 4: Vegetation communities of the study site Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 24 Table 2: Wet Heath Vegetation Community Fern Leaf Banksia/Dagger Hakea//Paperbark Wallum Wet Heath Plant Community Type ID (VIS) PCT ID 1704 - Fern-leaf Banksia - Prickly-leaved Paperbark-Tantoon - Leptocarpus tenax wet heath on coastal sands of the Central Coast and lower North Coast Keith (2000) Formation and Class Freshwater Wetlands: Coastal Heath Swamp GDE ID GDE ID 19 - Fern-leaf Banksia - Prickly-leaved Paperbark-Tantoon - Leptocarpus tenax wet heath on coastal sands of the Central Coast and lower North Coast Identified, mapped and regarded as a High Probability GDE (Kuginis et al 2012). Location This vegetation type occurs from the northern end of the survey site and southwards to the large pipe under access road drainage line crossing. As it approaches this watercourse, a transitional phase (ecotone) occurs which is progressively higher and more densely shrubby as elevation rises. Description (a) Canopy: Absent (b) Shrub Layer Structure and Species: The shrub layer is the highest stratum. Fern-leaf Banksia (Banksia oblongifolia), Prickly- leaved Paperbark (Melaleuca nodosa), Tantoon (Leptospermum polygalifolium) and Dagger Hakea (Hakea teretifolia) are the characteristic dominant species. Other subsidiary or co-dominant species include Sieber’s Paperbark, Hill Banksia, Thyme-leaf Honey-myrtle, Wallum Bottlebrush and Spidery Tea-Tree (Leptospermum arachnoides) which are variable in density. Common Milk Vine is common across the shrub canopy. Other associated species include; Black Oak, Hairy Bush-pea (Pultenaea villosa), Prickly Beard-heath (Leucopogon juniperinus), Notched Bush-pea ( Pultenaea retusa), Swamp Wattle, Swamp Grasstree (Xanthorrhoea fulva), Coffee Bush and Pittosporum undulatum. Matching the floristic heterogeneity spatially, heights ranged from 0.5-2.5m (tall to mid high) forming a variable dense to mid dense closed to open heathland, with an average vegetation cover of approximately 55%. Where it adjoins the paperbark swamp forest community at the southern end, a transitional shrubland phase occurs with canopy heights up to 5m. (c) Ground Cover Structure and Species: The groundcover species includes Tassel Cord Rush (Baloskion tetraphyllum), Leptocarpus tenax, Chaffy Scale Rush (Lepyrodia scariosa), Bare Twig Rush (Baumea juncea), Pouched Coral-fern (Gleichenia dicarpa), Screw Fern (Lindsaea linearis), Wiry Panic (Entolasia stricta), Blue Dampiera (Dampiera stricta), Creeping Raspwort (Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus), Raspwort (Gonocarpus teucrioides), Tall Saw-sedge ( Gahnia clarkei), Spiny Mat-rush (Lomandra longifolia) Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 DP 576414, Diamond Beach | January 2016 Download 0.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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