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- Groundwater Dependency Assessment Table 15: Groundwater dependency assessment
- GDE Type specific questions Phreatophytes – groundwater dependent terrestrial vegetation (Eamus et al 2006)
- GDE - Ecological Value Assessment
- Aquifer Water quantity parameters
- Biodiversity Rarity within catchment / aquifer
- Special features within catchment / aquifer
- Total number of attributes 9 3 4 4 Overall value High
- Aquifer Integrity impacts
- Biological integrity impacts
Last updated 16/01/2016 Comments Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 Groundwater Dependency Assessment Table 15: Groundwater dependency assessment (Corresponds to Appendix 4: Inferring groundwater dependency (Kuginis et al 2012) Lot 18 363 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach Yes No Unknown General questions for all GDE types: (X appropriate box) Is the ecosystem identical or similar to another that is known to be groundwater dependent? x Does the community contain species known to require permanent saturation such as within aquifers, karsts, or mound springs or some wetlands? x Is the distribution of the ecosystem consistently associated with known areas of groundwater discharge eg. springs, mound springs or groundwater seeps in terrestrial and/or near shore marine environments? x Is the distribution of the ecosystem typically confined to locations where groundwater is known or expected to be shallow? For example topographically low areas, major breaks of topographic slope; ie. cliffs or escarpments, alluvial and coastal sand beds aquifers, gaining streams? x Does the ecosystem withstand prolonged dry conditions without obvious signs of water stress? x Does expert opinion indicate that the ecosystem(s) is groundwater dependent? x GDE Type specific questions Phreatophytes – groundwater dependent terrestrial vegetation (Eamus et al 2006) Is the watertable level near or at the surface or within the root zone of the surrounding vegetation? If roots can reach a source of fresh water it is generally true that this water will be absorbed by the roots and transpired by the canopy x Is the vegetation community composed of species known to require permanent saturation (wet rainforest or wet sclerophyll forests) or high soil moisture levels (dry rainforest)? x Is the vegetation associated with the surface discharge of groundwater different (in terms of species composition, phenological pattern, LAI or vegetation structure) from vegetation close-by but which is not associated (ie. accessing) this groundwater? x Does the vegetation in a particular community occur along stream lines? x During extended dry periods, does a significant proportion of the vegetation remain green and physiologically active? The green region might be using groundwater to maintain its physiological activity. x Is the vegetation community known to function as a refuge for more mobile fauna during times of drought? x For sites that are not receiving significant amounts of lateral surface and sub-surface flows, is the annual rate of water use by the vegetation significantly larger than annual rainfall at the site? x Does the vegetation in a particular community support greater leaf area index and more diverse structure than that in nearby areas in somewhat different positions in the landscape? x The questions above have been answered in respect of both communities present in the survey site. From the volume of positive responses in the above table, it is determined that the two communities in question are groundwater dependent. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 The wet heath community present on the site is characteristic of obligate to proportional dependence wet heaths which are seasonally waterlogged; lack of Eucalyptus spp. (which grow in patches with better drainage); dominance of Banksia spp.; and dominance of monocots (Cyperaceae and Restionaceae) (Buchanan 1989). The paperbark swamp forest community present in the survey site while variable floristically and structurally, has a strong component of water-dependent monocot species as well as species such as Melaleuca quinquenervia which are typically common in areas of permanently wet soils (Buchanan 1989); together with Banksia spp. which require dry soil periods. It is inferred to have obligate to proportional dependence. It is likely that the various species in this diverse community are meeting their various soil moisture requirements by accessing groundwater in different ways. GDE - Ecological Value Assessment The value of a GDE is taken in its broadest sense to include the biota, ecosystem processes (both physical and biological), and the roles that these ecosystems play in sustaining other systems such as wetlands, estuaries and terrestrial communities (Kuginis et al 2012). While this is a local assessment of the GDEs present on Lot 18 rather than a macro assessment of the aquifer, it was considered informative to complete this table due to the nature of the unconfined sand bed aquifer and the close proximity of Khappinghat NR and SEPP 14 Wetlands. Kuginis et al (2012) require that if a ‘yes’ answer to any question applies to any of the identified GDEs, they are assigned a High Ecological Value. The aquifer as a whole is therefore considered to have ecological value. In order to qualify the aquifer’s ecological value, the assessment must proceed to the second stage Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 72 Table 16: General aquifer ecological valuation (Corresponds to Table 1: General aquifer ecological valuation (Kuginis et al 2012). Yes No List/Comments Does the aquifer or portion of it occur within a state reserve or support any GDEs within a sub- catchment identified as High Conservation Value; eg. Stressed Rivers; high value vegetation, SEPP wetlands, DIWA wetland etc? x Khappinghat NR, SEPP Wetlands, Saltwater-Darawar regional corridor Does the aquifer support obligate/entirely dependent GDEs including: karsts, springs, mound springs, subterranean aquifer ecosystems and some wetlands such as hanging swamps. x Does the aquifer support GDEs that have any endemic, relictual, rare, or endangered biota (fauna or flora) populations or communities as listed under the NSW Threatened Species Act 1995, NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994 or the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 or identified by an acknowledged expert taxonomist / regional ecologist as being important? x Not on site but the larger aquifer may support threatened species including Dwarf Heath Casuarina (Allocasuarina defungens) and Wallum Froglet ( Crinia tinnula); as well as SEPP 14 Wetlands, SEPP 44 Koala Habitat and four endangered ecological communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 73 Table 17: Identification of the ecological value of individual GDEs within an aquifer (Corresponds to Table 2: Identification of the ecological value of individual GDEs within an aquifer (Kuginis et al 2012) High Moderate Low Unknown Comments GDE environment GDE or part there of occurs or is reserved in National Estates, listed wetlands, SEPP 26 etc. Yes NA No The survey site is on private land. Presence of exotic flora or fauna within GDE. None exist. Exotic species in small numbers. Exotic species in large populations of one or more species. Heath GDE is weed free apart from some exotic grasses on edges. Low weed density in paperbark forest. Rabbits detected Removal or alteration of GDE type or subtype. No detectable change in physical structure, species composition or size in GDE type or subtype. Minor change or alteration in physical structure, species composition, or size resulting in a temporary change in GDE type or subtype. Major change/alternation in physical structure, species composition, or size resulting in a permanent change in GDE type or subtype. The two GDE patch sizes are small and fragmented by development but close to other remnants, and are in good condition. Aquifer Water quantity parameters Alteration of the frequency and / or magnitude and/or timing of watertable level fluctuations. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Fluctuation in groundwater levels resulting in temporary change to part of any dependent habitat type. * Fluctuation in groundwater levels resulting in permanent loss of any dependent habitat type. * Changes to water quantity parameters are unknown but are likely not to have fluctuated widely given the persistence and good condition of the GDEs surveyed in the survey site; and height of watertable indicated by the dam. Some localised changes may have resulted from surrounding roading and associated surface level and drainage changes from the access road. Similarly construction of drainage channels may have caused some changes historically. Alteration of groundwater pressure. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Fluctuation in groundwater pressure resulting in temporary change to part of any dependent habitat type. Fluctuation in groundwater pressure resulting in permanent loss of any dependent habitat type. Alteration to direction of hydraulic gradients. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary changes resulting in short-term alterations to habitat conditions. Permanent reversals in hydraulic gradients resulting in changes to any dependent habitat type. Alteration of base flow conditions. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary reduction in baseflow conditions exceeding seasonal variation. Permanent loss or reversal of base flow conditions. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 74 High Moderate Low Unknown Comments Water quality parameters Degree of acid runoff or acidification of aquifer. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary exposure of acid sulfate soils with likely runoff into dependent ecosystems. Permanent exposure of acid sulfate soils with likely runoff into dependent ecosystems. Given the sensitivity of the two GDE types and associated vegetation to hydro- chemical changes there was no evidence in the vegetation surveyed, or historical changes have equalised. Therefore it is likely there is no current detectable change to water quality in the survey area. Degree of nutrient load. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary increase in nutrient load to dependent ecosystems. Permanent increase in nutrient load to dependent ecosystems. Degree of groundwater salinity. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary increase in salinity to dependent ecosystem. Permanent increase in salinity to dependent ecosystem. Degree of bioaccumulation; ie. heavy metal contamination. No detectable change from natural seasonal variation. Temporary exposure of dependent ecosystems to heavy metals and/or toxins. Permanent exposure of dependent ecosystem to heavy metal and/or toxins. Aquifer structure Degree of alteration of aquifer structure; eg. quarrying of limestone around karsts, tramping of cave habitats, sand and gravel extraction, compaction of aquifer, etc. No detectable change in aquifer structure Minor change/alteration of aquifer structure resulting in a temporary change in GDE habitat. ** Major change/alternation of aquifer structure resulting in a permanent change in GDE habitat.** Any resulting change to aquifer is unknown The dam is likely to be functioning as a flow through system & allowing direct interception of surface flows to the aquifer. Drains also likely to have altered watertable level. Upper catchment modified into parkland and sportsfields. Biodiversity Rarity within catchment / aquifer Presence of Threatened, Rare, Vulnerable or Endangered species, population or ecological community within GDE. Yes NA No Possible habitat for A. defungens but appears absent. No EECs. Some mobile fauna species may be utilise habitat. Presence of indicator, keystone, flagship, endemic or significant species, populations or communities within GDE. *** Yes NA No Poorly conserved communities falling into Regional Corridor. Patch size rank of GDE relative to other patches of the same GDE type/subtype (as appropriate). > 50 49 to 30 < 30 Other fragmented patches in proximity to survey site link to Moor Ck corridor & Khappinghat NR. Patch size percentage of GDE relative to original / historic extent. > 50% 49 to 30% < 30% Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 75 High Moderate Low Unknown Comments Diversity within catchment / aquifer Diversity of groundwater dependent native flora and fauna species within a GDE. Presence of five or more species or >80% number of species relative to a reference site. Presence of two to four species or 80-50% of species relative to reference sites. Presence of one species or less than 50 percent of species relative to reference sites. Both GDE communities are floristically diverse Special features within catchment / aquifer Provides drought refuge for terrestrial or aquatic species. The only water source within a radius of >10km. The only water source within a radius of 1-9km and no access to multiple water sources. Access to multiple water sources. GDE patches may provide a stepping stone function to other drought refugia in a fragmented landscape. Presence of rare physical/physico-chemical features or environments; eg. karsts, mound springs, natural saline wetlands, peat swamps etc. Occurs only within the aquifer. Occurs only within the catchment. Occurs only within the state. Delivers ecosystem services through biogeochemical processes: carbon processing, nitrification / denitrification, biodegradation through aquifer connectivity. Unconfined aquifer with connection to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Semi confined aquifer with limited (spatial and or temporal) connectivity to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Confined aquifer has very limited or no connection to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Delivers ecosystem services through biogeochemical processes: carbon processing, nitrification / denitrification, biodegradation relating to aquifer structure and porosity. Unconsolidated aquifer with connection to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Fractured Rock/semi- consolidated aquifer connected to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Consolidated aquifer connected to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Total number of attributes 9 3 4 4 Overall value High Comments * Note: Methods to determine magnitude (e.g. temporary or permanent) of change or alteration will depend on the criteria and habitat type being monitored. A discussion on these methods is outside the scope of this document. ** Minor and/or major changes to aquifer structure depend on the aquifer type and its location. Determination of what is minor or major is outside the scope of this document. *** Species or communities are deemed significant if they occur within a fauna corridor or identified as a key habitat under the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service programs (Key Habitat and Fauna Corridor Mapping Project of Northern NSW), Identified Critical Habitats, or identified within biodiversity strategies or regional/local biodiversity assessments. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 76 GDE Impact Risk Assessment Table 18: Aquifer/GDE impact checklist for a proposed activity (Corresponds to Table 5: Aquifer/GDE impact checklist for a proposed activity (Kuginis et al 2012) Groundwater management area / zone: Great Lakes Coastal Sands Activity to be assessed: Proposed unit development Lot 18 Diamond Beach (refer DA No. 329/2010/DA), dam filling. Likely Unlikely Insufficient data Water quantity impacts Will there be an alteration to the watertable levels (rising or dropping water tables)? Will there be any alteration to the aquifer flow paths? Will there be any alteration of aquifer discharge volume to off site GDEs? Will there be an alteration of the frequency/timing of water table level fluctuations? Will there be any alteration of river base flow in the karst / cave? Will there be an alteration of surface river base flow? Will there a reduction in artesian/spring water pressure? Water quality impacts Will there be an alteration to the natural groundwater chemistry and / or chemical gradients? Will acid sulfate soils be exposed, resulting in the acidification of aquifer and acid runoff? Will there be an alteration in nutrient loads? Will there be an alteration in sediment loads? Will there be an alteration in groundwater salinity levels? Will there be an alteration in groundwater temperatures? Will there be any bioaccumulation of heavy metals? Aquifer Integrity impacts Will there be any substrate alteration compaction; eg. aquifer, river gravel bed compaction by heavy machinery or over extraction of water? Will there be any cracking or fracturing of the bedrock? Biological integrity impacts Will there be an alteration to the number of native species within the groundwater dependent communities (fauna and flora)? Will there be an alteration to the species composition of the groundwater dependent communities (fauna and flora)? Will exotic flora or fauna be introduced? Will there be any removal or alteration of a GDE type / subtype habitat; eg. quarrying of limestone around karsts, tramping of cave habitats, sand and gravel extraction? Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 Download 0.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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