Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
2.2.2.2. Spanish Perception Verbs
The basic paradigm of verbs of perception in Spanish is shown in Table 2.3. S ENSE MODALITY E XPERIENCE A CTIVITY P ERCEPT V ISION Ver Mirar --- (Parecer) H EARING Oír Escuchar Sonar T OUCH Tocar / Sentir Tocar --- (tener un tacto…) S MELL Oler Olfatear / Husmear / Oler Oler a T ASTE --- (Notar) --- (Probar) Saber a Table 2.3: The basic paradigm of verbs of perception in Spanish. In the group of experiencer verbs Spanish has a verbal lexical item for each perception 45 except for the sense of taste as illustrated in (9). In the sense of taste it is necessary to use the verb notar ‘perceive’. (9) a. Pedro vió los pájaros peter saw the birds ‘Peter saw the birds’ b. Pedro oyó los pájaros peter heard the birds ‘Peter heard the birds’ c. Pedro sintió una piedra debajo de su pié peter felt one stone under of his foot ‘Peter felt a stone under his foot’ 45 In (9.c) the verb used is sentir ‘feel’. The verb sentir in Spanish is the verb that describes general perception. Although in this example a tactile verb is not possible, as will be shown in the next section, where the extended meanings of these verbs are analysed, it is possible to use the verb tocar ‘touch’ as an experiencer verb, in the sense of ‘be in contact with’. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 51 d. Pedro olió el puro en la habitación peter smelled the cigar in the room ‘Peter smelled the cigar in the room’ e. Pedro notó el ajo en la comida peter felt the garlic in the food ‘Peter tasted garlic in the food’ The second group of verbs, the activity verbs, has a verbal lexical item for every sense except for the sense of taste as exemplified in (10). In the sense of taste it is necessary to use the verb probar ‘try’. (10) a. Pedro miró los pájaros peter looked the birds ‘Peter looked at the birds’ b. Pedro escuchó los pájaros peter listened the birds ‘Peter listened to the birds’ c. Pedro tocó la tela peter touched the cloth ‘Peter felt the cloth (/to see how soft it was/)’ d. Pedro olió el puro peter smelled the cigar ‘Peter smelled the cigar (/to see if he could smoke it/)’ e. Pedro probó la comida peter tried the food ‘Peter tasted the food (/to see if he could eat it/)’ B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 52 The last group of percept verbs is possible for hearing, smell and taste. In the case of vision it is necessary to use the verb parecer ‘to seem’; and in both touch and taste the construction ‘perception noun + verb tener ‘to have’’ is to be used in order to express such concepts. (11) a. Pedro parecía contento peter seemed happy ‘Peter looked happy’ b. Pedro sonaba preocupado 46 peter sounded worried ‘Peter sounded worried’ c. La tela tenía un tacto suave the cloth had a touch soft ‘The cloth felt soft’ d. Pedro olía bien / a puro peter smelled well / to cigar ‘Peter smelled good / of cigars’ e. La comida sabía bien / a ajo the food tasted well / to garlic ‘The food tasted good / of garlic’ f. La comida tenía gusto /sabor de ajo the food had taste of garlic ‘The food tasted of garlic’ 46 The choice of the complements that accompany the verb sonar in this case is restrictive. Whereas sentences like Sonaba bien, lit. ‘sounded well’ are fully idiomatic, others like Sonaba contento, lit. ‘sounded happy’ are not accepted by all native speakers. It is also possible to lexicalise this meaning by using the verb tener ‘to have’ followed by the NP un sonido ‘a sound’ + adj. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 53 Although there seem to be no verbs for the sense of taste in Spanish for the activity and experience cases, this assumption is not accurate. In Spanish there are two main taste verbs, gustar and saber. As explained in Chapter 3, both verbs come from Latin. Saber comes from Lat. sapere ‘taste’ and ‘be wise’ and the meaning ‘to have a taste’ is only preserved in Italian and in the Iberian romances. Gustar comes from Lat. gustâre ‘taste’. Although in Middle Spanish it was used as a prototypical activity verb, nowadays its meaning has shifted to ‘to enjoy’. Roque-Barcía (1902) distinguishes these two verbs on the basis of sensibility. Gustar refers to the action of the gustative organs, whereas saber refers to the pleasure or pain that we feel when we are tasting, i.e. saber is related to sensibility. Gustar seems to be a condition to saber, because without gustar something, one cannot saborear it. Summarising, in the case of experiencer and activity verbs, Spanish has a verbal lexical item for each sense perception except for the sense of taste. In respect to percept verbs, there are different verbal lexical items for hearing, smell, and touch only. Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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