Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
3.2. Hearing
Indo-European words for hearing often come from the physical domain, from the physical organ of hearing, i.e. the ear, hence Lat audire < *aus-dh from the root *aus ‘ear’. The English verb hear comes from ME heren < OE (Anglian) heran < Oteut *haurjan. Cognates outside Teutonic are unknown. There is a theory that it might have a connection with the root auz- ‘ear’ and hence with Lat audî-re, and Gk ακουειν akovei, 87 Behatu is already present in Etxepare (1545), but Sarasola’s dictionary dates it to Leiçarraga (1571). 88 See Lapesa (1980), for more information on the history of the Spanish language. B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 95 but this is extremely doubtful. The English verb listen comes from ME listen < OE hlysnan derived from the Indo-European root *K’leu-s ‘hear’ or ‘listen’. In Basque there are two main verbs: entzun and aditu. As in the case of ikusi ‘to see’, the verb entzun ‘to hear’ has also these synthetic forms, for example, nik da-nzu-t (I. ERG hear) ‘I hear’. The fact that they have these synthetic forms supports the claim that entzun is a word of Basque origin (Michelena [1985] 1990: 114; Azkue 1905). Some authors (Schuchardt 1923, 1925; Lhande 1926; Löpelmann 1968) have argued that this word comes from the Lat intensiônem, the accusative of the noun intensiô from the verb intendêre ‘to stretch out’, ‘to direct one’s attention to’. The Latin word intendêre has given way to related words in Romance languages, cf. Sp entender ‘to understand’, Fr entendre ‘to hear’, and It intendere ‘to understand’. This is not the case in Basque. It is very strange that in the Romance languages the Latin intendêre has given words related to understanding and not in Basque. Fr entendre should be the only similar shift to the Basque one, but as explained later on, originally this word also meant ‘to understand’. An analogy with the Basque word is likely to be impossible. The verb aditu, on the other hand, seems to come from Lat audîre. The etymological origin of the Spanish verb oír is the Lat audîre, cognate of Gk αυδη aùde ‘voice’; this comes from the verb αυω aùo ‘to howl’, ‘to cry out’. According to the DCECH it is found in Berceo (13 th ct.), and in the future tense a residual -d- from the Latin word can be still seen (fut. odredes ‘you will hear’). This word has been inherited by all Romance languages, although in some it is no longer used for the hearing sense; for instance Fr ouïr ‘to hear’ has been replaced by entendre (Lat intendêre ‘to stretch out’, ‘to direct one’s attention’), which originally in OFr meant ‘to understand’, as it does in most of the Romance languages which took this Latin word. Another curious example is the substitution of the verb meaning ‘to hear’ by the verb meaning ‘to feel’. This happened in Italian, where sentire (Lat sentire ‘to feel’) means ‘to hear’ and in Catalan sentir, ‘to hear’. It is also possible to use sentir to mean ‘to hear’ in some varieties of Spanish, for example in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Although it could be thought that the reason for this substitution in Argentina was due to the influence of Italian and its usage of sentire as an auditory verb, B. Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs 96 the fact that some other varieties of Spanish as well as Catalan share this usage makes it implausible. According to the DCECH the reason may lie in the fact that oír is too short, and that in Spanish Creole languages, due to a phonetic rule which replaces u by o (in hiatus), there is an intolerable homonymy with huir ‘to run away’. A way of differentiating these two words is the use of sentir ‘to feel’. The semantic closeness between sentir and oír has been present in Spanish for a very long time; for example in El Quijote, Cervantes (16 th ct) uses both forms for audition but always with the following distinction: oír indicates a clear and distinct sensation (sound) and sentir is used whenever the type of perception is not specified and, if referring to audition, when the sound is very soft or vague. The verb sentir better represents this vagueness 89 . The Spanish verb escuchar comes the old ascuchar, which is a development of the Vulgar Latin form *ascultãre, from Lat auscultâre ‘to listen’ (auscultâre is in itself a compound of aus (< auris ‘ear’) and cultare < clutare (frequentative theme of cluêre ‘to be known as’). It is found as early as the Cid (12 th century)(auscuchar) and Berceo (13 th century)(escuchar). An interesting word derived from this root is escucha ‘spy, bug’: An escucha was the sentinel in the night shift, which comes from an old meaning of the verb excubo ‘to listen in the night’. This is interesting because it emphasises the fact that escuchar is not only hearing but hearing with attention. In the darkness of the night where the sense of vision cannot be used as much as during the day, humans have to rely on other senses and hearing seems to be the most reliable one. However it is not only the perception of sounds that matters here, but also the perfect identification of those sounds. Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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