Producer price indices volume 2002, Supplement 2
Item/product specification
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- 2.11 Index Calculation 2.11.1 Computation of lowest level indices (elementary aggregation)
2.10.6 Item/product specification
As mentioned above in Part 2.10.3, the varieties for pricing may be selected by head office, with the price collectors being given a detailed specification, or the price collectors may select the variety. In the latter case, they are given a loose specification and record a detailed description themselves. In either case, for the sake of continuity (comparability) and to avoid quality change bias creeping into the index (see Part 2.12.3), it is vital that price collectors work with detailed descriptions at all times. For each item, it is important that the price-determining characteristics are identified and that these then become the headings (fields) for the detailed description. Price collectors may also note additional features, which, although not price-determining, are useful for future identification, and it is important to label these as irrelevant in terms of quality change. Detailed written descriptions are also needed so that in the event of a price collector being unable to perform their task, the replacement can easily identify the correct varieties to be priced. When a price collector finds that a variety is no longer available, and therefore selects a similar replacement, it is essential that they record the detailed description of the new variety so that any changes in characteristics can be noted, and quality adjustments made if necessary. 2.11 Index Calculation 2.11.1 Computation of lowest level indices (elementary aggregation) There are several methods for combining prices to give elementary aggregates (lowest level indices): • the ratio of averages (RA) – the average price of a sample of observations in the current period is compared to the average price of the same sample in the previous (or base) period, and in order to obtain a correct result, it is vital that the samples of varieties are the same in both periods (matched samples). If a price is missing in the current period and no action is taken the index will be biased. RA is not suitable if the spread of prices being aggregated is so large that the prices are heterogeneous; • the average of relatives (AR) – is based on comparing each individual price with its corresponding price in the previous (or base) period to give a price relative for each observation. These price relatives are then weighted together, using either the standard or the modified Laspeyres formulae. AR assumes an elasticity of substitution between varieties of zero, and therefore suffers from upward drift when this assumption is invalid and prices are rising. If a price is missing in the current period, then its price relative cannot be calculated (possibly causing computer error). If this price relative has a specific weight, then omitting the relative from the next level of aggregation may cause errors if the weights of the other price relatives are not adjusted accordingly; MEI Methodological Analysis - Supplement 2 © 2002 42 • the geometric mean (GM) – is being introduced by more and more countries (as can be seen in Table 7). The approach is to calculate a GM of prices in both periods and then derive the price relative or, alternatively, calculate a geometric average of the price relatives - both calculations will yield the same results. The GM assumes an elasticity of substitution between varieties of one. However, the problem of missing observations is still the same as in the previous two cases. The sample of observations used from each period must have the same number of observations for computing the geometric mean of prices in order to avoid a biased measure of price change. In the case where a weighted geometric mean is used, the weights for missing observations would also need to be distributed to the remaining observations to avoid any bias. Download 465.51 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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