Producer price indices volume 2002, Supplement 2
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- 2.13.2 Which measurement approach (user-cost, acquisitions or payments) is appropriate
- User cost approach
Housing services in CPIs
The 1993 SNA thus views a dwelling as a capital good that is used in the production of housing services. The view amongst price statisticians is not so clear, and an owner-occupied house is treated either as a capital good, a consumer good, or both. Some statistical agencies view owner-occupied dwellings as entirely capital goods and exclude their costs from their CPIs (Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal and Spain). Other agencies view owner-occupied dwellings entirely as consumer goods and employ either an acquisitions or payments approach (Australia, New Zealand and Ireland). Other agencies see owner-occupied dwellings as having both capital and consumption components and thus employ a user cost approach which attempts to remove the capital component (United States, Canada, Japan and several EU countries). 2.13.2 Which measurement approach (user-cost, acquisitions or payments) is appropriate? Consumption expenditure may be measured either from the consumption approach (user cost), or the expenditure approach (acquisitions or payments/outlays). Similarly CPIs may be constructed using any of these approaches, depending on the use to which the CPI is put: User cost approach This measures the total value of goods and services consumed during the period. It is the approach most consistent with SNA concepts, where the consumption of services from durable goods is treated as flowing over several time periods. A deflator of household final consumption expenditure would be based on the user cost approach. In theory, a CPI based on the user cost approach should measure the cost of consuming the flow of services from a durable good rather than its purchase price. This is rarely done in practice, however, although an exception is made for owner-occupied housing as this is considered to have a much more significant investment component than other durables. The user cost approach is not concerned with whether any monetary outlay is involved in the consumption and therefore involves notional measurements. The main imputation is for owner-occupied housing. A household is seen as consuming the flow of shelter services provided by the dwelling of which it is the owsner-occupier. The cost of this consumption should be included in a CPI despite the fact that monetary transactions may not be needed for this consumption to take place. The user cost approach estimates the costs of consumption using an approach based on rental equivalence either through: i) the imputation of actual rents; or ii) estimated rents derived from the costs of consumption. Imputation of actual rents – The rental equivalence approach to measuring the costs of consumption assumes that these costs are equal to the rent that could be charged for the property. Thus the costs can be imputed from the rent that is being paid in the market for equivalent dwellings. The main problems with this approach are: • establishing a sound estimate of base period expenditure in order to impute a weight for owner-occupied dwelling costs. This is often derived from the owner-occupiers’ own assessments of the rental value of their dwellings, which may be unreliable; MEI Methodological Analysis - Supplement 2 © 2002 56 • where the rental market is small, and made up of different types of dwellings to those that are owner-occupied, it may be difficult to set up and maintain a representative sample of rental dwellings; • rental markets are frequently controlled to some extent by governments. This is the approach used in Mexico, the United States, Japan, Korea, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Slovak Republic, Switzerland and Turkey. Rents estimated from the costs of consumption — In theory, a house owner would charge a rent which at least covers the following items: a. repairs and maintenance (including materials and owner’s labour costs) b. taxes (e.g. rates) c. insurance (service charge only) d. cost of ownership = consumption of fixed capital i.e. depreciation Plus property income payable i.e. mortgage interest plus less earnings foregone gain in equity i.e. opportunity cost of owning house rather than receiving property income by investing elsewhere i.e. gain in value of house In practice, statistical agencies impute a weight based on items a, b and c plus mortgage interest payments and an estimate of depreciation based on the value of the housing stock. Earnings foregone and gains in equity are generally not covered. This is the approach used in Canada, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Download 465.51 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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