Project Management in the Oil and Gas Industry

7.5.3 Detailed Engineering Study 
It is assumed after the end of this stage that one can get the complete draw-
ings and the full specifications for the whole project, containing all the 
details that make the contractor able to carry out the works. Those draw-
ings are called the Construction Drawings.
Therefore, this phase requires many working hours, extensive contracts, 
good coordination, and excellent organization. A good manager allows 
freedom of communication between individuals and allows review with 
strong and continuous coordination. 
It is noted that the complexity of this stage needs an affirmation of the 
quality. 
Engineers always believe in utopias where our lives are dependent on 
the accuracy of the accounts and reviews, but the teamwork is not always 
so accurate. Often, work reaches someone late or you may have to take 
actions to correct it, or there may be some change in procedures within the 
company or department without your knowledge. All of this leads to a loss 
of time and, therefore, we believe that the overall atmosphere in which we 
work needs to be reformed and this itself is a vision of the system of quality 
assurance. 
The system of quality assurance provides stable functioning of all depart-
ments, however, there may be a change in personnel. This problem often 
occurs at the stage of studies where you need it for intensive cooperation.
For example, when there is a strong relationship between the managers 
of the departments of civil and mechanical, you will see a sharing in infor-
mation, the work will run smoothly, and there will be periodic meetings 
and productive correspondence. 
The system of quality assurance at this stage is important because it is 
a process of organizational work. Everyone should know the goal of the 
foundation, the goal of the project by the institution, the responsibility of 
each individual, and the concept of quality is clear at all times and is sup-
ported by documentation. 
Documents are considered the operational arm of the quality applica-
tion process and must, therefore, be in the event of any amendment or 
correction in the drawings. When you set up the drawings, they must 
be received at a specific time for the owner to review, discussion must 
take place with any amendment, and remarks must be made to identify 
changes.
Through the development of a particular activity, the activity may be 
canceled, so there should be a quality system procedure to avoid confu-
sion with the other copies of drawings to eliminate the human error. The 

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The History of Graphene 239
modification revision number will continue to be updated and this sys-
tem will continue until we reach the final stage of the project and take the 
final approval of the drawing with a sealed stamp that indicates that it is 
the final drawing for approval of construction. Approve for Construction 
drawings are obtained after the completion of the study phase. The start of 
the execution phase should have specifications and drawings fully ready to 
start the construction phase. You can imagine that some projects may have 
hundreds of drawings, special specifications, and other operation folder 
manuals, as well as for maintenance and repair in the event of some failures 
or trouble shooting. 
Generally, it can be summarized in the following principles of design, 
which are divided into five aspects and should be covered in each quality 
assurance system: 
1. Planning, design and development – Determine who does 
what in the design.
2. Entrance design – Be sure you know what the client wants 
in the design. 
3. Troubleshooting design – Provide clarity for the final form 
of the design.
4. Verification of the design – Review with the client to make 
sure that the design is consistent with the needs of the client. 
5. Change Design – Ensure that any change in design will be 
adopted by responsible persons. 
7.5.3.1 Design Quality Control
The goal of quality control during the operational phase of studies in ISO 
9001 (ISO 9001 Section 4.1) is to control the design at various stages, which 
has already been explained and is illustrated in the following form:
Requirements, design, development, planning, responsibilities, pro-
cedures and specifications, references, research marketing, and safety