Reading Passage 1: "William Kamkwamba"

Modification (n) – a change to something, usually to improve it (C1)
3 
Example: Modification of the engine to run on lead-free fuel is fairly simple
4 
Discipline (n) – a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a 
college or universities (C2)
Example: sociology is a fairly new discipline 
5 
Manipulate (v) – to control something or someone to your advantage, often 
unfairly or dishonestly 
Example: Throughout her career she was very successfully manipulated by the 
media 
6 
Perspective (n) – a particular way of considering something (C1)
Example: Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject 
7 
Paramount (adj) – more important than anything else (C2)
Example: There are many priorities, but reducing the budget deficit is paramount 
8 
Condemn (v) – to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral 
reasons (C2)
Example: The terrorist action has been condemned as an act of barbarism and 
cowardice 
9 
Precious (adj) – of great value because of being rare, expensive, or important 
Example: a precious gift, a precious moment/memory 
10 
Ironically (adv) – interesting, strange, or funny because of being very different 
from what you would usually expect (C2)
Example: it is ironic that although many items are now cheaper to make, fewer 
people can afford to buy them 
11 
Stem from (v) – to start or develop as the result of something 
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Example: Her problems stem from her difficult childhood 
12 
Suspend (v) – to stop something from being active, either temporarily or 
permanently (C1)
Example: The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of the bad 
weather