Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
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4.1.2. Food preservation
Having the ability to form complex matrices with 3D structures bestowed with hydrophilic nature, hydrogels find numerous irreplace- able uses in food preservation and processing with significant room for improvement. In this context, hydrogel-based emulsions obtained from chia and linseed oils used in burgers in place of pork back fat (20 %) showed beneficial sensory, nutritional, and health benefits such as color improvement, improvement in lipid retention, healthier fatty acid pro- file [168] . The aforesaid replacement was suggested up to 60 % by the authors. Similarly, in a recent study, the hydrogel-based emulsion and organogels of canola oil (containing kappa-carrageenan 1.5 or 3 %) can be used in place of beef fat in beef batters (emulsion type). The replacement helped in the reduction of oxidation levels in beef batters in addition to maintaining the color and texture of the product. Moreover, an enhancement in hardness, lightness, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) while a significant reduction in saturated fatty acid coupled with the omega- to omega-3 ratio was observed signifying the health benefits [169] . Development of the filled hydrogel particles with benefits of target delivery and improved stability has replaced the emulsions (O/W) with a drawback of bioactive protection in the process of bioactive lipid de- livery system [170] . Moreover, in food systems, filled hydrogels are used in the enrichment of meat products with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and improved oxidative stability oxidation. In A. Manzoor et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 213 (2022) 987–1006 999 addition to this, the reduction in TBARS values (up to 62 %) was wit- nessed in the meat products as compared with the samples containing fish oil [171] . Some recent studies indicated the potential use of hydrogels in food industries such as their utilization in food matrices as a vehicle system for the antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavorings, colorants, and bioactive components (e.g., β-carotenes) to their respective target sites [172,173] . Moreover, Hydrogels prepared from pectin are reported as the agent used for culminating protein allergenicity in foods through protein structure alteration and as microbial biosensors [174,175] . Ferulic acid, an antioxidant agent can be incorporated into the hydrogel films for butter thereby restricting the damage caused through lipid oxidation altogether [176] . Further, such studies could help in exploring the hydrogels with ample potential applications to deliver in food applica- tions as given in Table 5 . 4.2. As carrier/vehicle for bioactive compounds Delivery setups have been designed as an approach to protect the delicate chemical constituents from destruction in the food production activities, enzymes for digestion as well as hostile environmental con- ditions (e.g., temperature, pH level, light, and oxidation), as well as for area specified gastro-intestinal transportation and regulated discharge of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutraceuticals [177] . Delivery methods are categorized into lipid-dependent networks (e.g., traditional, nano, micro, multi emulsion systems, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, and solid lipid nanoparticles), biopolymer dependent (e.g., Protein and polysaccharides delivery systems), nature-inspired systems (like cyclo- dextrins, caseins, and amylose helixes), and specialized equipment- based systems (like electrospinning and electro spraying, and nano- spray dryer) [178,179] . Among these types of methods, protein-based hydrogels are especially applauded by various fields because of their exceptional attributes, for instance, maximum dietary benefits, superior functional qualities, amphiphilic character, biocompatibility, biode- gradability [180] . Hydrogels are polymeric systems capable of soaking up and ability to imbibe water while keeping their appearance. Cross- linking associated with polymeric chains inhibits the breakup of the matrix and maintains mechanical stability. Various cross-linking sub- stances work extremely well, e.g., epoxy resin materials, glutaraldehyde, and formaldehyde; physicochemical procedures are sometimes addi- tionally applied, for instance, ultraviolet radiation, irradiation, and dehydrothermal methods [181] . Biopolymer-based hydrogels lately caught significant consideration as a promising technique for nutraceuticals and drug delivery to a target site within the body. Carbohydrates and proteins are the best competi- tors for manufacturing drug delivery setups due to their capability for gelation, the capability to alterations, constructive assortment, biode- gradability, as well as biocompatibility [182] . Hydrogels can be employed for buccal, rectal, optical, subcutaneous, skin applications [183] . Buccal administration is among the most prevalent strategy to provide the active compound crammed inside these carriers. Via regu- lating specific swelling characteristics as well as adherent attributes in the existence of a natural liquid, hydrogels can easily focus on various places such as the mouth area, stomach, and digestive tract. To treat diseases, drug delivery via hydrogels within the buccal cavity must have adherent qualities, such as Aftach®, which was developed from a double coating with a bioadhesive one of hydroxypropyl cellulose and poly (acrylic acid) plus a lactose non-adhesive supporting film to fill triam- cinolone acetonide to treat aphthous ulcers [184] . Hydrogels used in the gastrointestinal system must have specific characteristics. Because of the numerous customizable factors that permit the regulated distribution of a variety of therapeutic compounds, hydrogels are great candidates for oral drug delivery [185] . Hydrogel beads are crafted to ensure their stability and viability in specific areas of the digestive tract, however, can be released in specific areas of the GI tract, enabling them to be formulated to release nutraceutical components in reaction to particular GIT stimulants [186] . Hoang et al. developed a pH/thermo-responsive hydrogel for colon medication administration using PAAc and norbornene-functionalized chitosan (CsNb). The hydrogel swelled and almost completely released the medication (92 %) in a pH 7.4 and 37 ◦ C intestinal environment, however, these activities were hindered in a pH 2.2 acid environment. The resulting hydrogel has stimuli-responsive qualities, making it an excellent material for controlled medication release in the colon [187] . Hydrogels permit the inclusion of hydrophobic bioactive compounds and their delivery to target places via food. The integrating of hydro- phobic bioactive substances within functional food items might greatly enhance the foodstuff with vitamin supplements, dietary fibers, essential fatty acids, necessary protein, probiotics, polyphenols, carotenoids, ca- rotenoids, etc. [186] . Because passive dispersion is the commonly used method of drug release through hydrogels, compounds of various di- mensions and properties will easily penetrate into and out of the hydrogel matrix during the loading and storage times. The hydrophilic nature of hydrogels distinguishes them from non-hydrophilic polymer- bonded matrices, which can be related to the integrated components' release inclinations. Medication discharge mechanisms from hydrogels Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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