Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
Download 1.62 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
1-s2.0-S014181302201248X-main
4.3. Hydrogels in smart food packaging
Microbial contamination of food is a serious concern for the food business that is difficult to solve. After water absorption, an efficient antibacterial hydrogel made from electrospinning nanofibers containing gelatin, chitosan, and 3-phenyl lactic acid (PLA) was employed to in- crease antibacterial efficacy and extend the shelf life of chilled chicken meat in the study. This hydrogel's structure, water-absorbing capacity, antibacterial ability, and fresh-keeping ability were analyzed. The carboxyl group in PLA reacted with the amino group in chitosan, forming an amide bond under acidic circumstances, according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This link improved the hydrogel's water absorption and stability. The addition of PLA affected the structure of hydrogels as well as the ratio of different states of water in the hydrogels, according to low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. The prepared hydrogel exhibited a peculiar spongy form following water absorption as found in Scanning electron micro- graphs. In addition, hydrogel efficiently inactivated the foodborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and extended the shelf life of chilled chicken to four days [208] . 4.4. Thickening/stabilizing/emulsifying agents Alginate-dependent hydrogels are normally utilized in marmalades and jellies as a thickener and mostly in fruit sauces too, due to the fact alginate–pectin fundamental interaction tends to be revocable by heat and offers an increased viciousness [209] . Hence, viscous sauces and desserts can be prepared using the alginates [210–212] . Heat and acid- stable gels are formed from alginates [213] and can be used for the stability of foods [214–216] . Pectin works as a gelling agent and stabilizer in food because it can help manage water in products and produce the correct texture. Pectin is a gelling agent used in jellies and jams, with high molecular weight pectin generating gels at low pH and higher sugar levels, and low mo- lecular weight pectin making gels at low pH and low sugar levels in presence of calcium. The pH at which pectin achieves the gel stability and desired texture is similar to that of fruit preserves, which is one of the appealing aspects [100] . 4.5. Rehydration of spray-dried biopolymer solutions Burey et al. [217] reported a unique spray drying process for manufacturing microspheres. Spray drying a cross-linkable solution in a disordered (non-aggregated) state produces solid particles that can be rehydrated at a temperature lower than the gelation temperature to generate discrete gel particles 2–30 times the size of the dry particle [157] . Gellan, carrageenan, and agar can all be processed using this method. Gelled particles, which are dependent on the kinetics of these two processes, are projected to form if gelation is faster than dissolution. Slow gelation produces a biopolymer solution that forms a weak continuous gel after a lengthy period, whereas fast gelation produces tiny (10 m) particles [218] . Varying these hydration settings gives you more control over hydrated particle size and modulus, as well as the ability to customize their use in specific applications like encapsulation and texture modification [219] . Curdlan is a versatile ingredient that can be employed as a gelling agent, thickener, or stabilizer in a variety of industries, including food [100] . Curdlan produces a retortable and freezable food gel that can be used to generate new dishes such as tofu noodles. Curdlan inhibits soluble components from leaching out of noodle dough and softening the noodles, resulting in a clear soup broth. 4.6. Fat mimmetics Reduced-fat and low-fat foods, as well as those rich in essential nu- trients, are today more important than ever. Although many nutrition guidelines are still debated, health and nutrition experts agree that the ratio of saturated to polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet should be reduced, and dietary cholesterol intake should be kept to a minimum. Fat has been identified as a crucial element in the eti- ology of cardiovascular disease, and its effects have been thoroughly studied. High cholesterol levels and Obesity can be prevented by dietary treatment, which is useful in preventing coronary heart disease. As a result, customer demand for low-fat foods has piqued the interest of academics interested in lowering food fat content. The usage of FRs to offer the desired attributes is suggested by problems with inferior organoleptic and physical properties in these items. Fat replacements and FMs are the two main types of FRs. Compounds with a molecular structure similar to lipids and physicochemical characteristics similar to fats are known as fat substitutes. FMs are fat-free macromolecules with distinct chemical structures. FMs are natural carbohydrate polymers with a variety of functional properties that resemble some of the phys- iochemical properties and enticing eating aspects of fat. These natural polymeric FMs primarily absorb water into a gel-like structure, giving them lubricating and flow qualities similar to fat. Cellulosic and curdlan gels, for example, have been extensively explored and used as FMs in a variety of food systems. Curdlan's impacts on the functional and me- chanical qualities of meat products have been investigated for quite some time. Curdlan was observed to improve the water-binding capacity and textural attributes of duck muscle gels when compared to a control group [220] . Curdlan, as previously indicated, had a vital role in increasing the functionality of meat products as a dietary fiber. A recent patent claimed a technique for making a meat-fat substitute that uses curdlan as the main ingredient and has the same appearance, flavor, and texture as the original fat. Curdlan, as an FM, can considerably enhance the quality of the nonfat sausage. All of these data suggest that curdlan could be a useful major element in meat FMs [110] . 4.7. Tissue scaffolding Different methods for developing smart hydrogel scaffolds have been researched. Thermal responsive hydrogels containing alginate, gelatin, and varying concentrations of SiO 2 NPs, for example, have been pro- duced as scaffolds to restore injured tissues. Because their structure has pores in the 88–207 mm range, the morphology study revealed optimal scaffold utilization for cartilage regeneration. In vitro biodegradation tests revealed that hydrogels containing SiO 2 performed better than hydrogels without NPs in terms of stability. Furthermore, the presence of SiO 2 NPs promotes cell survival and proliferation [221] . Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling