Republic of Uzbekistan Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education
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Republic of Uzbekistan Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education Tashkent Financial Institute Department of Economics Course work Topic: "The main features of the activities of firms in a market economy " Completed: MM-54i group student: Obidjonov Elmurod Supervisor: Mirzayev M.
Tashkent-2021 Plan: Introduction………………………………………………………….. 1 Market concept, structure and types……………………………...... 2 The concept of the firm, the types and activities of the firm…………... 3The role of investment in the activities of the firm Conclusion……………………………………………………………. List of used literature………………………………………………... Introduction. It is known that there are more than 280 member states of the United Nations in the world, which are divided into three groups (developed, developing and underdeveloped countries) with their economies and the development of international economic relations. They have gone through various socio-economic, political and cultural stages in their economic development over the centuries. Market relations have also evolved differently in relation to the emergence of a class society in human society (which occurred at different times in different eras). Although market relations were initially developed rapidly in a number of Western European countries (Holland, England, France and Germany) in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, Asian, African and Latin American countries (India, Turkey, Arab countries, Mexico, etc.) have fallen into economic, social, political, and cultural depression. Thus, while market relations dominated almost every country in the world during this period, its socio-economic, political, and cultural implications varied. It is known that economic development is based on the general laws of nature for all countries of the world, that is, there is no separate view of market relations or national dress, but there are specific features, ways of development. However, they vary depending on the geographical location, natural conditions, climate, natural resources, population, level of economic development and many other factors of the countries of the world. That is why many countries in the world are highly developed, some are moderately developed and lowly (backward). How important is a market economy, market relations? Of course, this question arises. If we look at the most economically developed countries in the world today (USA, China, England, Japan, etc.), we can see that the market plays a significant role in their development. Nowadays, the market economy is typical for most countries of the world, and it operates and develops in different countries at different levels and with different characteristics. In particular, from the first years of independence, Uzbekistan has considered the transition to a market economy as one of the most important tasks. At the same time, taking into account its unique cultural, historical, economic and natural features, as well as the world experience in this field, Uzbekistan will gradually but steadily strengthen social protection without revolutionary coups. chose the path of transition to a developed market economy. In order to do this, we had to have a model that took into account our economic, political and cultural situation. Under the leadership of the first President Islam Karimov, the "Uzbek model" has been created, which fully meets international standards, taking into account the economic situation in our country. The first President of our country Islam Karimov in his book "Serving the happiness and great future of our country - great happiness" explained this path as follows:,, the Uzbek model requires the transition to a socially oriented free market economy. Democratization of the economy, ensuring its supremacy over politics, the main reformer of the state, the rule of law, the role of strong social policy, the gradual and consistent implementation of reforms. a unique method based on the famous five principles ''1 The establishment of a free market economy in Uzbekistan serves to raise the economic level of the country and improve the living standards of the population. One of the most important features of a market economy is the priority of private property, and the country pays great attention to small business and private entrepreneurship, which in turn serves to provide employment and increase their entrepreneurial skills. At the same time, we must continue to develop a market economy in our country, and along with the developed countries of the world, we must launch our products on the world market. 1 Market concept, structure and types In economics, the term market refers to a system of money exchange between market participants (buyers and sellers). Market is a barter relationship between sellers and buyers; a mechanism that links production with consumption. The object of the market is the goods and services that are profitable, and the subject is the market participants (sellers and buyers), which include firms, households, government agencies, and others. Market participants enter into a relationship for the exchange of goods and services for money. Trade in goods in the market is carried out in accordance with the laws of production, exchange and circulation of goods. Market participants have the status of seller and buyer. There are two processes in the market: one is the sale of goods, in which goods are exchanged for money, that is, goods are money; the second is the purchase of a commodity, the exchange of money for a commodity, that is, money is a commodity. The exchange is voluntary and freely formed at prices. Linking production to consumption in a market economy (created goods and services are put on the market and sold there and then consumed); conversion of value from a commodity form to a monetary form; ensuring the continuity of production (after the goods and services are sold on the market, the proceeds will be used to purchase the necessary economic resources for production, including equipment, machinery, fuel, labor, and to continue production); ordering the economy (what, how to produce, for whom to produce); and economic cooperation between countries. In this case, supply and demand, and production according to changes in prices. When demand increases and prices rise, production increases, and when supply increases and demand decreases, production decreases. The market is divided into free and monopoly, depending on the position of its participants. In a free market, there are both sellers and buyers, and prices are based on supply and demand. In a monopoly market, minority sellers dominate, and prices are set solely in the interests of those sellers. Such markets differ from other markets in that competition is weak or non-existent. In terms of the material form of the object of exchange, there are markets for consumer goods and services, resources, labor, finance, intellectual goods, weapons, means of production, investment, securities, scientific ideas, technical developments and labor (labor). The market is divided into local, regional, national and global markets depending on its scope. Depending on whether the goods come from abroad or not, there are such types as open market, closed market (domestic market). Depending on the volume of sales, that is, the volume of trade, it is divided into an expanding market and a shrinking market. There are markets that are chaotic, spontaneously organized, and managed. The transition from a spontaneous market to an orderly, planned market is typical of a civilized society. Nowadays, no country is dominated by a chaotic market, on the contrary, a controlled market has a leading position. As the economy grows, the types of markets increase, as the goods and services sold become more diverse, the buyer is classified according to his income, taste, and general demand and needs, and the amount of goods and services sold in the market increases. The concept of market is a central category of market economy, a scientific and practical concept used in economic theory, business practice and the experience of all countries. First of all, it should be noted that the concepts of "market" and "market economy" differ from each other. Because often these two concepts are understood in the same sense, in some literatures they are used as synonymous words or they are confused. The market is formed as a result of the division of labor in society before the formation of the market economy and involves the exchange process of social reproduction. A market economy, on the other hand, emerges as a result of the development of market and market relations over a historically long period of time and represents an economic system that is organized and operates on the basis of market laws. A market economy encompasses all phases of reproduction: production, exchange, distribution, and finally consumption processes. The market, on the other hand, includes only one phase, the exchange phase. ,, At first glance, the concept of the market seems like a simple concept, some think of the market as a place where goods are sold and bought. But if we pay attention to its internal content, we can see that it is multifaceted, its content is changeable, it has different meanings in different periods. The concept of market is related to the origin and development of commodity exchange, which originated at the end of the primitive community system and originally meant the exchange of goods, the place or area of trade. ''2 The concept of market is a central category of market economy, a scientific and practical concept that is used in economic theory, business practice and the experience of all countries. First of all , it should be noted that the concepts of "market" and "market economy" differ from each other. Because often these two concepts are understood in the same sense, in some literature they are used as synonymous words or they are confused. The market is formed as a result of the division of labor in society before the formation of the market economy and involves the exchange process of social reproduction. A market economy, on the other hand, emerges as a result of the development of market and market relations over a historically long period of time and represents an economic system that is organized and operates on the basis of market laws. The division of labor deepened and another sector, trade, emerged. The industry has become a means of connecting the consumer with the producer, allowing the commodity to accelerate cash flow. In this case, the producer and the consumer do not have to meet. They were able to communicate through traders-intermediaries. Now the concept of the market has changed and taken on a new meaning, that is, it has begun to appear as a new form of commodity-money circulation. With the emergence of a new important commodity in the buying and selling process - the labor force, the market took on a general character, and its content expanded. Now not only the goods and services produced, but also the means of production and labor, which go through the market process and are involved in production, their interaction is directly related to each other. It was going to happen through the market, not indirectly. Thus, in the modern era, the market as a process that provides metabolism in the development of society has formed a link that connects the multifaceted complex relationships of producers and consumers, their interrelationships with each other. The main features of the market are mutual agreement between the seller and the buyer, exchange on the principle of equality, meeting the needs of buyers who can cover the costs of the seller, make a profit and pay, and compete. In our country, during the transition to a market economy, as in all other countries, there is a tendency in some literatures to take the concept of the market lightly and show its old, one-sided, now meaningless. Articles and books written by different authors describe the market differently, which has caused heated debate. Some people think that the market is a place where sellers and buyers randomly gather and trade in pairs, in groups, in groups, while others think of it as a rich, mysterious place that provides people with food. They know it as a table. Another group of people are the producers and consumers of the market. especially as a filthy place where the simple peasants live and enrich themselves by deceiving, the accusers who can't stand to deceive, the scammers who weigh the scales, the dishonest traders who sell together, the fraudulent intermediaries who gather, and the various tricks of deceiving people. reefs. While these definitions to some extent express the pros and cons of the market and where it is traded, it is also the result of a one-sided, superficial view of it in a narrow range that captures its true internal content, function, cannot reveal its location. The market is a historical concept that arises as a result of the production and exchange of goods, the formation of money, their development, and is an objective economic process that is widespread today. A market is a set of economic relations that take place in the process of exchange (purchase) through money between producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. In this case, the material basis of the market is not the place, but the movement of goods and money. No wealth is created, produced, or shared in the market, but the goods and services created by the millions of handicraftsmen working in thousands of enterprises in various countries, including Uzbekistan, real estate, economic resources, labor are sold and bought for money. It provides the necessary services in the sales process. Every individual or enterprise sells the type of goods or services it produces and buys hundreds of types of goods that it needs. In this process of buying and selling, market participants, that is, people who buy and sell, may not see or recognize each other. They can trade through intermediary organizations according to various documents, contracts, samples. Hundreds of cotton, cocoons, gold, cars, tractors, lathes, airplanes, equipment, fertilizers, seeds and other goods and services produced in the country are shipped directly from their places of origin in accordance with contracts. The fact that the market is shipped to consumers is proof of our point, and shows that it is incorrect to think of the market as a separate place for trade. When the goods and services on the market are below the level of demand, prices rise, the balance is disturbed, resulting in the seller earning more money than the norm and getting rich faster, or, conversely, when the quantity of goods on the market is higher than demand, prices fall sellers suffer. Moreover, if the production process is delayed, uncertain, and incurred costs, the loss will be greater because the market does not take into account such excess, waste. Thus, the reason for making a big profit in the market or destroying a house is that there is no secret in the market, in the relationship that occurs between people in the process of exchanging goods, where there is trade. Food and agricultural products store, car service station, gas station, industrial goods store, merchant shops, various supermarkets, large shopping malls and trade fairs, public and private all of the restaurants are a typical view of the aforementioned relationship also occurs. Exchanges, currency exchanges, grain exchanges and auctions are highly developed markets where sellers and buyers communicate with each other through stocks, bonds, national currency and agricultural products. Although some types of market are distinguished by a personal connection between the seller and the buyer, in others they never see or know each other. Accordingly, market relations are divided into direct and indirect relations. Regardless of anything of this type, citizens (households), various enterprises, firms and government agencies are its participants (subjects). Market subjects are divided into two groups that perform different functions of market relations - sellers and buyers. Sellers offer goods and services to the market, and the buyer demands them. The market connects and coordinates the interests of its subjects. The effective functioning of the market depends in many respects on the level of development of its infrastructure. A market infrastructure is a system of institutions that serve to establish and maintain market relations. It includes enterprises providing warehousing, transport, communication services, institutions for the circulation of goods and services (exchanges, auctions, trading houses, trade offices and agents, etc.), institutions providing financial and credit relations (banking institutions) , lending agencies) and social service institutions (housing and communal services, employment agencies, etc.). Market infrastructure institutions assist producers of goods and services in trade, finance and credit, earn a living and hire labor, implement government measures to regulate the economy, and establish trade relations. Some of them are free to serve as part of government agencies, while others are paid for their services as an independent organization. Institutions that serve the circulation of goods and services play an important role in the structure of the market infrastructure, and therefore we will focus on the main ones. There is a commercial object and certain types of regular trade in public goods on the basis of exchange standards: Commodity exchange is a form of organization of wholesale trade on the basis of predetermined rules. Stock exchange - a form of market in which securities are traded. Currency exchange is a formally organized market in which national currencies are freely traded. The labor exchange is an institution that mediates the registration of labor transactions between entrepreneurs and workers and registers the unemployed. A supermarket is a wide-ranging retail business based on customer service. It trades in almost all types of goods, including imported goods. The supermarket provides free consultations to customers, delivers goods to the consumer's home on order, provides them with cultural and household services. Nowadays, the supermarket chain system is one of the most developing industries in our country. In almost all regions, regional and district centers, supermarkets are opening their branches. Institutions that serve the financial and credit relations have a special place in the infrastructure system. They form the financial market, the capital market on which it is based, and establish procedures for its implementation. Most financial institutions have a common denominator as well as a common denominator. This is because their activities are always associated with financial obligations. That is, financial institutions attract excess funds from the entities and lend money to entities in need of financing on their own behalf. Institutions of market infrastructure, such as banks, insurance companies, tax and customs authorities, have a special place in financial and credit relations. Their economic activity and role in financial relations are discussed below. Provision of financial information to market economy entities is the responsibility of information services of market infrastructure, including audit firms. An auditor is an institution that inspects the financial and economic activities of enterprises, firms and companies and examines their reports. They usually operate in the form of joint stock companies or cooperatives and have full independence. Audit firms operate in accordance with the accounting and auditing rules adopted in each country or internationally. The auditors involved in the work of the audit firm are called auditors. Thus, the market infrastructure and its institutions in question create the basis for the functioning of all types of markets and the regulation of interstate economic and material relations. need Despite the advantages of a market economy system, there are problems that are less effective and cannot be solved at all through a market mechanism. In such a situation, the state must take responsibility for solving the problems or create the necessary conditions. The main elements of the market infrastructure are: • Exchanges (commodities, raw materials, stocks, currencies) and their organizational intermediation; • Forms of auctions, fairs and over-the-counter organizational mediation; • Credit system and commercial banks, issue system and issue banks; • Employment management system, state and non-state employment assistance centers (labor exchanges); • Information technology and business communication tools; • Tax system and tax inspections; • Commercial risk insurance system and insurance companies; • Special advertising agencies, information centers and media agencies; • Chambers of Commerce, voluntary, public associations (associations) of business circles; • Customs system; secondary and higher economic education system, audit companies; • Consulting companies; • State and public funds to promote entrepreneurship; • Special free enterprise zones and others. ,, Market infrastructure is provided by producers with consumers, mutual buyers and sellers to each other, the highest settlements on trade operations conducted by market participants, continuous cooperation and interaction in a profitable market "conventional, jobs and so on. Market infrastructure to implement measures to increase the economic efficiency of the state. ''3 All these elements of the market infrastructure help producers to trade, finance and credit, to find partners, to hire labor, to implement measures of the state to regulate the economy, to establish contacts between producers. Some are state-owned, while others are independent institutions and associations. Today, ,, market infrastructure’’ is quite advanced as a science. Although the use of infrastructure has long been practiced in socio-economic development, it has been relatively late to focus on it as an independent sector with an excellent system. Although the exact date of the introduction of the term "infrastructure" in science is unknown, most studies say that this concept appeared in the late 1940s, and some say that the American economist P. Rosenstein-Rodan in 1955 used as a scientific term. According to the data, in the early twentieth century, the term "infrastructure" was used in economic analysis to refer to the objects and structures that ensure the viability of the armed forces. In the 1940s, the concept of infrastructure began to be understood in the West as a set of industries that served to ensure the proper functioning of material production. The subject of "market infrastructure theory" is inextricably linked with a number of economic disciplines, as well as other disciplines, and in the process of studying it, people have certain knowledge and skills in interrelated disciplines. The existence of infrastructure that serves each individual sector of the economy, as well as different approaches to their management, also ensure that this science is inextricably linked with other disciplines. It should be noted that, first of all , the science of market infrastructure theory is closely related to the science of economic theory, which is the basis of economic science. The methods and supports used in the study of economic theory are complete and step-by-step. Market infrastructure is a set of sub-structures that determine the existence and life cycle of each industry, and the increase in the level of profitability of their activities is closely linked with the development of the same industry. Therefore, not all disciplines that study other disciplines ignore the laws and mechanisms of science that study the infrastructure of that field. Also, since the market infrastructure is a set of institutions that form trade relations between all sectors and industries, the trade relations between them, each contract concluded by business entities uses the services of a subsystem of a particular market infrastructure. Market infrastructure is emerging as a science that all sectors use to study the principles of political, socio-economic, services and the content of state-owned enterprises. At the same time, the science of market infrastructure theory is studied in close connection with management, marketing, business, industry economics and other similar economic disciplines. While other economic disciplines focus on the economic laws, models, methods, and specificity of the study, the science of market infrastructure theory focuses on their market flexibility and how factors affect the functioning and development of their infrastructure . The following is a graphical representation of the different types of infrastructure and the interrelationships between the industries and sectors in which they operate.
Other additional functions of the market are also mentioned in the literature. To visualize these tasks more clearly, they can be expressed in the form of a special diagram
Although the market performs different functions, they are interdependent. To fully understand the content of the market, it is necessary to know its types and internal structure. Due to the complexity of the internal structure of the market, its classification is based on the following criteria: a) market maturity; b) type of product sold and purchased; c) characteristics of market participants; g) market size; d) description of economic relations. Depending on the level of maturity of the market, the underdeveloped market is divided into the classical (free) market and the modern developed markets. An underdeveloped, emerging market has a more random character, in which the barter method is used more often. A free (classical) market is one in which there are many producers and consumers, sellers and buyers, for each type of goods and services, and in the process of exchanging money there is free competition between them. Prices are formed freely depending on the ratio of supply and demand, different methods of competition are used, the population and producers are sharply differentiated. The modern market is a state in which the state is a market participant and the market is more regulated and managed. The market is divided into the following types: - local markets (London, Tashkent, Samarkand, Beijing, Moscow markets); - national markets (Uzbek market, Russian market, Ukrainian market, Moldova, etc.); - regional markets (Central Asia or Asian market, Western European market) - world market. Markets are divided into the following types according to the type of goods and services sold and purchased: - market of consumer goods and services, - market of means of production and labor (resources), - foreign exchange markets and stock exchanges, - The market of scientific and technical discoveries and developments. Firm (italian: firm - signature) is a general name for an enterprise, company, business or commercial organization. There are different firms depending on the number of employees, forms of ownership, legal status and so on. The number of employees in the company can range from 2-3 to 20-30 thousand people. Firms are established on the basis of all types of property by the state, cooperatives, companies, public organizations and local government agencies, national and foreign legal entities and individuals. They are divided into the following types: affiliated (affiliated) The firm operates in the form of a branch, subsidiary as part of a larger parent parent company; Broker Firm - acts as an intermediary for commercial purposes and on behalf of and at the expense of the client; Venture Firm - a small or medium-sized investment firm engaged in the development of i.t.s and engineering; investment firm conducts investment and securities transactions; engineering The firm specializes in engineering consulting; Innovative Firm - is created to create new technologies based on the results of the Firm's work; consulting firm - its field of activity is the provision of consulting services; production firm - is engaged in the manufacture of a specific product; trading firm - is engaged in trade activities; Realtor Company - participates in real estate activities. In today’s economic life, the bulk of firms are relatively small and petty. Large firms have a relatively strong production, technological, and raw material base and are active in the international division of labor. Small firms are mainly engaged in the production of goods and services to the population. Based on the classification of firms based on different principles, the study of a particular firm gives us information about the conditions of its organizational legitimacy, the nature and breadth of its activities, its place in the world market. Depending on the appearance and nature of the business, firms are divided into the following types: - industry; - trade; - transport; - insurance; - freight forwarding; - tourism; - rent. The activities of industrial firms are based on the production of products. If a firm accounts for more than 50% of its turnover in industrial production, then that firm is an industrial firm. The crucial role of large firms is that they dominate not only manufacturing and commercial exports, but they also dominate the sale of patents and licenses and the provision of technical services. Trading companies are mainly engaged in buying and selling goods. They can operate legally independently or in a system of large industrial firms. Firms can be short-term or broad-based. There are large monopolistic associations among trading firms. They dominate the foreign trade of some countries and the sale of certain goods on the world market. These goods mainly include sugar, non-ferrous metals, grain, rubber, cotton, leather, wood and others. However, some trading companies are engaged in production as well as trade. Transportation companies are engaged in the international transportation of passengers and cargo. These companies are divided into 4 parts: aviation, maritime, railway, automobile. With the development of air transport, the airline's cargo transportation activities have expanded. For example, the share of the 5 largest airlines in the United States is 2/3 of the volume of air cargo within the country, and 1/3 in the world. The role of insurance companies in the global market is huge. They mainly insure cargo for international transportation. The bulk of insurance transactions are in the hands of large insurance companies. Freight forwarding companies are mainly engaged in the delivery of goods on the orders of industrial, commercial and other companies. The functions of these firms vary. They check and ensure the condition of packaging and packaging of goods, marking and accuracy of documents, shipping charges. It also deals with loading, unloading, storage, insurance, notification of arrival of goods, use of customs services and other activities. In foreign countries, all companies are divided into 2 types according to their legal status: - to a private enterprise; - Association of Entrepreneurs; A private enterprise is the property of one person or family. Private enterprises are registered in the trade register as an independent enterprise or as a branch of any other enterprise owned by the same entrepreneur. The business is managed by the owner or the authorized manager. Private enterprises usually include small and medium-sized firms. However, there are very large family private firms and companies. The importance of the Association of Entrepreneurs today is enormous. There is no single classification of business associations in foreign countries. They are mainly distributed according to property and capital. In many countries, the types of business associations are as follows: - full friendship; - limited partnership; - Limited Liability Company (LLC); - joint stock company. Friendship is a union of individuals, and society is a union of capital. A general partnership is a union of two or more persons engaged in a business for profit. The total loss and profit of the association shall be distributed proportionally to these persons. They do not have to announce the results of their activities (economic and financial) to the general public. The number of friends is not limited. If one of its members wants to withdraw from the membership, the full partnership can be dissolved. Generally, a member cannot sell his share to a new member without the consent of the other members. If a new member is admitted, a new partnership agreement will be signed. It is the responsibility of all members to carry out the work of this partnership. However, according to the charter or by agreement of the participants, the proceedings are entrusted to one or more persons. A limited partnership is a union of two or more persons, some of which (full partnership) are liable to the association with their contributions and property, while others (limited liability companies, contributors) responsible only with their contributions. Only full members are responsible for acting as a representative of the partnership and performing any activities on behalf of the partnership. A limited partnership does not have to report to the general public. LLC is a capital-consolidating company. Community members are solely responsible for their contributions. The capital of this society consists of the share of the participants, that is, the "share" of the members of the society. A shareholder may participate in a general meeting of shareholders, receive dividends, and receive a portion of the company's assets if the company is liquidated. Usually, there are not many members of this community, they know each other very well or are related to each other. The management of this community can be entrusted to several people. They may or may not be members of the community. They also don’t have to report to the general public. A joint stock company is a company that consolidates capital by issuing shares. The campaign is an important document and can be easily transferred from one person to another. The liability of a shareholder for the company's obligations is determined only by the amount paid for the shares. Management and authority of the company is entrusted to 1 or more managers who are members of the board of the company. Managers are responsible for their actions, for the damage done to the firm, with their property. The company will publish its annual report at the end of the year. The charter of the society is developed by the founders of the society and approved by the state. The charter specifies the maximum amount of shares to be issued, the authorized capital and the nominal price of the shares. A common classification of the legal status of firms has been developed among the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Based on this classification, there are 2 types of companies: public and private types of companies. A public company is legally binding on a joint stock company. The private company belongs to the Limited Liability Company (LLC). Depending on the nature of the property, the company is divided into the following types: - private; - the state; - cooperative. There are several types of associations in the world according to their purpose, depending on the level of independence of the participants, such as cartels, syndicates, trusts, concerns, money, industrial holdings, financial groups. A cartel is an association of firms in the same industry, and their mutual agreement is trade management. However, there are those who operate in secret because they operate illegally. A syndicate is an organization in the form of a single joint-stock company or a limited liability company established to sell the products of a firm. Syndicates are widespread in the mining, metallurgical and chemical industries. They also usually serve to buy raw materials for syndicate members, ie firms. Pools are similar to cartel-type associations. A pool is an association of entrepreneurs whose income is distributed as follows: the profit first goes to the general pot and is distributed on a pre-agreed basis (in proportion). A trust is an association of enterprises owned by different entrepreneurs, which has lost its legal and economic independence and forms a single production complex. The difference between a trust and other associations is that it is limited to one type of production activity, ie the production of one or more products. Enterprises of different industries can unite in this trust. They can contribute in a row. A concern is an association of independent enterprises. Enterprises merged into a concern are retained as a legal entity in the form of a joint-stock company. They can be combined for mutual production cooperation, patent-license agreements, financing. An industrial holding is an organization that controls the activities of several companies and enterprises and is not engaged in production. The companies that are members of this organization are legally and economically independent. They make all kinds of trade deals on their own behalf. But the solution to the main issues of their activities belongs to industrial holdings. Financial groups are organizations that belong to different sectors (industry, trade, transport, credit, etc.), are legally and economically independent, and unite enterprises. This organization is headed by one or more banks. They manage the financial and other capital of these enterprises. How to study companies. The companies studied are usually divided into 3 groups: active clients (counterparties); expected (potential) clientele; competing firms. Each interested company is entered into a computer database (roster) or in the appropriate section of the file. The following information is included for each interested company: - General information about the company: name, address, country of registration, registration number, telex or telefax number. - Indicators characterizing the economic and financial condition of the firm: measurement of share capital, assets, sales; number of employees; its position among the leading companies in its country and its position among the largest companies in the world. - Type of economic activity of the firm: industry; trade; freight forwarding; engineering, etc. - The nature of the company's property: private; state; semi-state; cooperative. - Legal status of the firm: joint-stock company; corporation (USA); public company; limited liability company; private company; full friendship; limited partnership; private company. - Capital and control firm affiliation: national; foreign; mixed - History of the company and features of development: year of establishment; basic combinations, coverage; name change. - The type of association in which the firm is included and the status of the firm in it: the parent company; branch; associate company. - Nomenclature of products produced and sold: basic goods or group of goods; specialty; export and import nomenclature. - The position of the firm in the world market for important products: the firm's share in the national (world) production (sale) of basic goods; the share of the country in exports and imports. - The importance and nature of the firm's foreign economic activity: the number of subsidiaries abroad, including the manufacturer, their location, type of activity; the importance (share) of exports from the country of origin in the activities of the firm (in whole and in part); the importance of import operations in the activities of the firm, their geographical orientation. - Production and material and technical base of the firm: the number, location and capacity of production enterprises; number of sales outlets, warehouses and service stations, their location. - Significant counterparties and competitors in the main types of products produced or sold. - Production-technical and other economic relations with other companies (names of companies, forms of communication are specified). - The composition of the management of the firm: the number of members of the board of directors and management; names of production departments, product nomenclature attached to them, level of economic independence and responsibility. Share capital: distribution of shares among owners; the main package of shares, their ownership and owners. - The company's relationship with banks and the nature of these relationships. Methods of calculating the profit in the enterprise or firm. Establishes a single methodological framework for determining the costs of production and sale of products (works, services) of business entities - legal entities, as well as individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activities without a legal entity. See previous edit. The regulation is designed to take into account differences in the calculation of expenses for accounting and tax purposes. The main purpose of accounting is to calculate the costs and determine the financial results of business entities in order to determine their competitiveness. Sources of funding are the current and expected channels of obtaining funds, as well as a list of economic entities that can provide these funds. The basis of the project financing strategy is the development of a financing scheme based on the individual characteristics of the project and the factors influencing them. Enterprise financing is the provision of enterprises with the necessary financial resources. Funding is provided from internal and external sources in the form of budget allocations, loans, foreign aid, and contributions from others. The main types of financing strategy arising from the sources of funding are: - financing from internal sources; - financing from borrowed funds; - borrowing financing; - mixed (complex, combined) financing. Internal sources are the company's own funds - profit and depreciation. An entity's cash is the amount of cash that an entity collects, both in cash and in kind. Sometimes high-liquidity securities are added to the cash. Profit reinvestment is the most convenient and relatively inexpensive way to finance an expanding business. Features of external sources of financing include: 1. Attracted investments: - the investor is interested in high profits and the company itself; - the investor may or may not intend to abandon the investment at some point; - The share of the investor's property is determined by the ratio of his investment to the total capital of the enterprise. - the company undertakes to repay the loan amount under the contract; - must be repaid in accordance with the terms of the loan; - the company pays interest on the loan; - the enterprise provides necessary and reasonable guarantees for the creditor; - If the loan is not repaid on time, the lender may withdraw the guarantee; - Liabilities to the creditor cease after the repayment of the loan amount. There are the following types of benefits: -Gross profit from product sales. -Profit from core business. -Profit from financial activities -Extraordinary benefits. The following financial instruments (financing schemes) are used in the implementation of the financing strategy, providing funds from various sources: - sale of shares to a financial investor; - sale of shares to a strategic investor; - venture financing; - public offering of securities (IPO); - closed (private) placement of securities; - access to foreign financial markets; - bank loans, credit lines, loans; - commercial (commodity) credit; - state loan (investment tax credit); - bond debt; - project financing; - insurance of export operations; - leasing; - franchising; - factoring; - forfeiting; - grants and charitable contributions; - research and development agreements; - state funding; - issuance of promissory notes; - mutual settlements; - barter; - others. An important aspect of the company's investment policy is the management of the formation of investment resources. Depending on the purpose of the investment, the composition and proportion of investment resources involved in the investment process may change. In the implementation of real investment projects, investment resources can be used in financial (cash, etc.), tangible (fixed assets, inventory reserves, etc.) and intangible forms (patents, licenses, etc.). The system of financing the investment process is based on the organic unity of sources, methods and forms of financing investment activities. The sources of formation of investment resources are diverse. This justifies the need to identify and categorize the content of the sources. Based on the classification of sources of investment financing, all sources can be divided into three main groups: own sources, sources of debt, sources of borrowing. In this case, the company's own funds are considered as internal (secondary), borrowed and borrowed funds - external (primary) sources. Own funds include: -net profit from production and financial activities of the enterprise; -depreciation allowances; -insurance coverage for loss of property; -proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment; -proceeds from the sale of intangible assets. Funds raised by enterprises are funds provided on a regular basis, on which the owners of these funds may be paid income and may not be returned to the owners. These include: -proceeds from the placement of shares of the joint-stock company; -shares and other contributions of members of the staff, citizens, legal entities to the charter capital of the enterprise; -funds allocated by high-ranking holdings and joint-stock companies; -public funds in the form of subsidies, grants and equity participation in targeted investments; -participation in the charter capital of joint ventures and funds of foreign investors in the form of direct investments of international organizations, foreign states, citizens and legal entities. Corporate loans are loans that are borrowed for a specified period of time and on a repayable basis. They can be divided into long-term and short-term. Long-term loans include: -long-term loans from banks and other institutional investors; -long-term public investment loans; -proceeds from the issuance of long-term (more than one year) bonds and other debt obligations; -leasing and b. Short-term loans: -commercial (commodity) loans; -proceeds from the issuance of short-term (less than one year) bonds and other debt obligations; -short-term loans from banks and other institutional investors. Own and attracted sources of investment make up the company's equity. External borrowings from these sources are not refundable. Investors participate in the right of equity ownership in the proceeds from the investment. Borrowed funds of investments constitute the debt capital of the enterprise. In a variety of sources of financing, the main methods of financing investment activities can include self-financing, equity financing, budget financing, credit financing, leasing and combined (mixed) financing. The method of financing is a mechanism for attracting investment resources to finance the investment process. Forms of financing are an external expression of the essence of the method of financing. Full internal self-financing is the most reliable and involves financing investment projects only from own (internal) sources. This method of financing is characterized by "leverage-free financing" in foreign practice. An important source of investment financing is net profit and depreciation. Profit is the main form of net income of the enterprise, represents the value added of the product and is an indicator that summarizes the results of the enterprise. After taxes and other mandatory payments, the company has a net profit. It accumulates in the form of reserve capital, retained earnings and savings funds. Typically, the portion of profits used for investment purposes is accumulated in savings funds or similar funds. The accumulation fund acts as a source of funds used by the business entity to create new property, fixed assets, working capital. The reserve fund is formed to cover the company's losses, redemption of bonds and repurchase of its shares. The retained earnings can also be used for capitalization. In its economic sense, profit is a form of capital stock used for development. The amount of net profit directed to the development of production depends on several factors: sales volume, prices, unit cost, profit tax rate, consumption and distribution policy based on the overall strategy of economic development. The next most important source of funding is depreciation. They are formed when enterprises convert the value of fixed assets into the value of the finished product. Cash that is lost during the gradual recovery of the value of fixed assets is accumulated in the depreciation fund in the form of depreciation allowances. The size of the depreciation fund depends on the size of the fixed assets of the enterprise, their initial or replacement value, composition by type and age, as well as the purpose and method used to calculate depreciation allowances. The main advantages of using own resources are: in terms of profit: no time and money spent on their allocation, no risk of non-return, their use as a source enhances the investment attractiveness of the enterprise; on the part of depreciation: the availability of the enterprise in any financial situation, the ability to calculate depreciation in different ways. Deficiencies in profits include non-payment, barter, taxation, etc. resulting in limited resources; on the part of depreciation: the size of the depreciation fund depends on the level of inflation, the possibility of misuse due to the lack of a practical mechanism of control. The rest of the listed sources of investment resources are usually not considered in the process of developing an investment strategy of the enterprise, as their formation is the subject of tactical and operational planning. Equity financing means that legal entities and individuals invest in the charter capital of an enterprise. As a result, investors become the owners of the enterprise. Funding for this form of financing is raised through the stock market. Factors affecting the enterprise, firms Factors affecting the activities of the enterprise. In the field of personnel management, an enterprise means, first of all, a business entity (joint stock company, firm, association, bank, company and other legal entities). Second, an enterprise is a specific social unit (community). In order to achieve its goals, the company spends on labor resources, raw materials, information, etc. Business staff help you achieve your business goals. In addition, the company has participating partners, shareholders, social groups and others. The company is created for the highest efficiency - profit. Individual employees who are integrated into an enterprise can achieve better results than those who work alone. The following features reflect the "internal environment" of the enterprise: -no enterprise can be formed and operate successfully without a clear purpose; -no enterprise can be imagined without its individual divisions, the structure that defines their relationship. For the enterprise: Technology is the means by which a raw material is transformed into a intended product or service. is a mechanism that turns labor into the end result. Finance is money and other resources that an entity has or can raise to manage its operations. Management is a process of coordination, taking into account the stages of implementation of the goal, which is defined by the activities. In addition to this internal environment, external factors or conditions that affect the production activities of the enterprise must be taken into account. Regardless of the form of ownership, the enterprise is divided into small and medium enterprises depending on the number of employees. Enterprises of all forms of ownership have the right to coordinate their activities on a voluntary basis, to ensure the protection of their rights, to manage common interests in the relevant government agencies and other agencies, as well as in international organizations. may be organized into other associations on the basis of other principles. The company is governed by its own charter. Independently determines the structure, form and methods of enterprise management, determines the staff. An owner or business entity manages an enterprise directly or through agencies authorized by it. They may delegate these rights to the board of directors or to another agency provided for in the company's charter and representing the interests of the owner and the workforce. The hiring (appointment, election) and dismissal of the head of the enterprise is the right of the owner of the property of the enterprise, which he exercises directly, as well as through the agencies or the council of the enterprise authorized by him. Today, the following types of enterprises operate in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Private enterprise. According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Private Enterprise": "A commercial organization established and managed by a single individual owner is recognized as a private enterprise." A private enterprise is an organizational and legal form of business entity. The organizational structure of a private enterprise can be as follows. The owner of a private enterprise manages the enterprise individually as a manager. Its main functions are: -development and approval of the charter; -determination and formation of the Charter Fund of a private enterprise; -preparation and approval of plans and reports; -development and implementation of private enterprise development plans; -decision-making on reorganization and liquidation of a private enterprise; -use the profits of a private enterprise at its own discretion; -disposal of property of a private enterprise (transfer to another person, lease, mortgage, contribution of other enterprises to the statutory fund, etc.). Limited liability company. According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Limited Liability Companies and Additional Liability Companies": A limited liability company is a business company divided into shares in certain amounts. The participants of a limited liability company shall not be liable for its obligations and shall be liable for damages related to the activities of the company within the value of their contributions. Business company. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Economic Companies": "A commercial organization is a commercial organization with a statutory fund (authorized capital) divided into shares (shares) of the founders (participants) , in such a company, the founders (participants) or some of them personally participate in doing business on behalf of the company ”. A business company is formed as a full company or a limited partnership. A company in which the participants (full partners) are engaged in business activities on behalf of the company in accordance with the agreement concluded between them and is liable for its obligations with all the property belonging to them is considered a full company. If there are one or more participants (contributors, limited partners) who are liable for losses related to the company's activities within the limits of their contributions and do not participate in the company's business activities, such company shall be limited to called a company. The supreme governing body of a business company is the general meeting of the company's participants. The powers of the General Meeting include: -determination of the main directions of the company's activity; -reorganization and liquidation of the company; -making changes and additions to the memorandum of association; -distribution of profits (losses) of the company among its participants; -increase and decrease of the company's authorized fund (authorized capital); -approval of annual reports and balance sheets; -each participant in the company has the right to act on behalf of the company. If the company's affairs are carried out jointly by its participants, the consent of all participants of the company is required for the implementation of each transaction. If the conduct of the company's affairs is entrusted to one or more of its participants, the remaining participant must obtain a power of attorney from the participant (participants) entrusted with the conduct of the company's affairs on behalf of the company. Joint Stock Company. According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Joint-Stock Companies and Protection of Shareholders' Rights": Joint stock companies can be open or closed joint stock companies. A joint stock company is an open joint stock company whose participants may transfer their shares to other persons without the consent of other shareholders. A joint stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or a predetermined group of persons is considered a closed joint stock company. A company (from the French word “compagnie”) is an association of legal entities and individuals, entrepreneurs organized for economic activities (production, trade, brokerage, finance, insurance, etc.). A company is an association, company, business community, firm, corporation, that is, an enterprise with various organizational and legal forms. A concern ("sopserp" - from the word "participation", "interest") is a large association of enterprises united on the basis of common interests, contracts, capital, participation in joint activities. A corporation (from the Latin "compagnie" - "association", "community") is a joint-stock company organized for any activity. Nowadays, in developed countries, the market economy occupies a leading position in all sectors of the economy. Firm (from the Italian word "firm" - "signature") is a common name for enterprises, companies and commercial organizations. There are different types of firms depending on the number of employees, the form of ownership, the legal status and so on. The number of people employed in the company can range from 2-3 to 20-30 thousand people. A holding company (from the English word "holding" - "ownership") is a parent company, the main activity of which is to control and manage the activities of enterprises through the acquisition of shares. The holding may consist of a parent or a subsidiary, or several subsidiaries. Employees of the enterprise are individuals who coordinate the employment relationship between the management of the enterprise (employer) and the employees hired on a contractual basis, which is a legal entity. The structure of a modern enterprise is as follows: -owners (shareholders); -managers; -business staff (individuals). Owners (shareholders) - can be one person or a group with a corresponding share. Their main goal is to make a profit (dividend). Owners can run the business independently or transfer the right to manage it to a manager. Managers - they lead the company, its structural subdivisions. The status of the manager depends on the status given to him by the owner. Managers are divided into senior, middle and lower level managers. Top management - This category of managers includes presidents of companies and firms, other CEOs, their deputies, members of the governing bodies. Middle management - Heads of independent departments and divisions of the enterprise. Loves management consists of groups, brigade leaders, masters. Enterprise personnel (individuals) are divided into workers, engineers and service personnel. Workers are divided into skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. According to the participation of the company's staff in the technological process: -key (manufacturing) workers; -auxiliary (not directly engaged in production) workers. The staff of the enterprise is divided into permanent, temporary and seasonal employees according to the length of service. The company's staff has a complex, interconnected structure Organizational structure is an interconnected, interdependent structure of management. Functional structure - reflects the distribution of management functions between management and individual units. Role structure is the creative participation of employees in the production process, the characteristics of team relationships. Social structure - reflects the social characteristics of the workforce (gender, age, nationality, occupation, qualifications, education, etc.). List of departments, positions and responsibilities in the structure of the states. salaries and wages. In the personnel structure, as well. The following concepts are also available: The management unit is an independent part of the organizational structure at a certain stage (level) and consists of the management apparatus and production units. Management stage (level) - the highest levels of the organizational structure of the enterprise (stage, level). Management is a team of employees who have the right to manage the relevant department, services and coordinate the activities of the management system. A structural unit is an independent part of the management unit based on the regulations of the organizational unit. It is divided into functional and production components. Download 84.63 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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