Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
The beginning of the end.
In mid-2013, ComTech contractors began the process of knowledge transfer by reviewing formal process documentation, application specifications, and computer code. Additionally, they spent considerable time meeting and interviewing impacted Icarus employees to get up to speed on the work they needed to perform. In addition to taking over the Supply Chain software engineering, which many Icarus executives by then considered 187 critical and differentiated, ComTech started their formal work with Icarus amidst a political spectacle that stemmed from Richard’s and Brenda’s differences. The demotion of SSP within the IT organization created an anomaly (Kuhn, 2012) that disrupted established taxonomic power structures (Lincoln, 1989) and led to Brenda’s failed attempts to intervene via backstage (Goffman, 1959) escalations to Jack. Individuals either supported or resisted SSP depending upon if they were members of Richard’s or Brenda’s team. This context would prove to be an additive challenge for ComTech during the early implementation phase given vendors’ general role in the overall Icarus IT taxonomy and habitus (Bourdieu, 1972/1977), first discussed in Chapter Five. By the time Richard signed the SSP contract with ComTech in mid-2013, the program was in its third year and had yet to deliver any evident benefits. Although ComTech had little prior experience with Icarus, Richard pressed to transition work as quickly as possible. For their part, ComTech possessed limited access to social or cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1983/1986) beyond support from Richard, which was on uncertain footing given the anomalies to SSP and persistent resistance from Brenda and much of her Business Strategy Team. As Brown and Duguid (2000) suggested is the case with knowledge workers, Icarus employees learned both the processes for working in the IT environment and appropriate day-to- day cultural practices to perform their jobs through years of hands on experience in quasi- apprenticeships with tenured IT workers. In most cases, this knowledge was undocumented and not formally codified, making it difficult for both Icarus and ComTech to know with any certainty that comprehensive knowledge transition had actually taken place. Furthermore, ComTech employees recognized the risks of assuming the finality of transitioning years of undocumented knowledge in a matter of weeks and months. Despite access to substantial 188 information on the Supply Chain applications, ComTech’s employees lacked the needed time and “on the ground” experiences to transform that “know of” into practical “know how” (in Brown and Duguid’s terms) during their early onboarding. One Icarus engineer discussed ComTech contractors’ obstacles: The biggest immediate term challenge I think is just transitioning all of that knowledge on those legacy applications, because what I’m finding with all of the multi-channel stuff [i.e. digital retailing] is I’m having some pretty complex questions about specific legacy applications. One dumb little thing in a legacy application could drive the whole direction of where a project or idea is going. So sometimes it takes a bit to tease that out of a BA [Business Analyst] or an engineer. Here’s really what I’m getting at. I can’t imagine being able to tease that kind of information out of someone who just started learning [legacy Supply Chain applications] two months ago. There are going to be moments when questions will need to be answered about applications and the [ComTech] resources aren’t going to be the one to ask. It’s going to be an Icarus resource, and those people, after October, November, December of this year, are going to be located potentially even in other pyramids [Icarus departments], and so how do you easily get on their radar screen? (Employee, personal communication, August 30, 2013) Prior to and during the Phoenix Era, Icarus and TechStaff employees had built and learned the informal and tacit knowledge of how these applications worked. They made sense of and used that knowledge over a number of years by working in quasi-apprenticeships with more experienced engineers. The legacy Supply Chain applications were built or implemented five, ten, or even fifteen years or more in the past. Many of these applications were still in use and had 189 undergone significant incremental change and customization following their initial creation. Even one member of the SSP Working Team in charge of implementing the new interaction model (first mentioned in Chapter Six) noted that Richard’s expectation for ComTech engineers to become as effective as existing Icarus and TechStaff engineers over a few months was untenable: “Would you expect a team member to come in and in three weeks and understand everything about your portfolio, tell you how they were going to run it, when they would do it, and how fast they would do it?” (Working Team Member, personal communication, August 19, 2013). Although Richard’s performance expectations of vendors may seem unrealistic, they were culturally acceptable at Icarus. One executive alluded to these expectations in Chapter Seven, noting, “You manage these vendors harder than you could possibly believe, and the results, if it’s set up right, are phenomenal” (Executive, personal communication, July 23, 2013). This reflected executives’ commonly transactional view toward vendor relationships as opposed to the accountability they demonstrated toward their employees. Within the Icarus habitus, employees and executives viewed vendors as a form of economic capital (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). However, by the time ComTech’s contractors were starting to work on the SSP contract, many employees and executives had built up defensive views against any vendor taking over the Supply Chain development work. There was a general tendency among Icarus employees and executives who did not support SSP to try to catch ComTech doing something wrong almost immediately. Another Working Team member observed how some Icarus executives and employees were holding ComTech’s engineers to a higher standard than would be expected of new employees who had just joined the IT team: 190 It’s [ComTech’s onboarding is] going probably as well as it should be going at this point, to be completely honest. However, because we already have resistance and we are looking for things that are going wrong, we are picking out individual knowledge acquisition sessions that aren’t going well and calling that SSP [related]. I think the reality is, is that we’re having a really hard time letting go of the fact that someone is going to come in and they’re going to do it different than us...Even up to a VP [vice president] perspective, we’re giving feedback on the [PowerPoint] template pictures, the way in which they’re putting words on a paper even though the words themselves are the message. On one hand, we’re saying, “They’re going to do things differently. We need to do things differently. We need to be more agile. We need to do all these different things. We hired them because we believe that they can do this as well, if not better than what we’re doing.” But then when you translate that . . . at a senior manager level, it means, “You just hired someone to replace me that you think can do better than me. If you think they can do better than me then I’m going to tell you every nook and cranny on what they’re not doing that’s as good as me.” Those are the dynamics. They’re there every day. They’re the everyday dynamics. (Working Team Member, personal communication, September 3, 2013) Icarus IT employees’ penchant for “laying in the brush” to ambush ComTech on seemingly trivial matters was tied to the Icarus habitus as it related to the role of contractors established during the Phoenix Era. This Working Team member noted the overly critical manner in which some impacted employee managers provided feedback to ComTech. Some employees even complained about the style of PowerPoint presentations used in different meetings as a way to 191 resist the transition to ComTech and retain some sense of control over their work. Rather than having the opportunity to apprentice with tenured Icarus engineers to develop “know how” of the Supply Chain systems, ComTech’s engineers were excluded from the collaborative problem solving, storytelling, and improvisation settings that Brown and Duguid suggested is needed to close the gap between the routines of “process” and the reality of “practice” (2000). ComTech faced the paradox of being hired under a managed services agreement but not being granted the initial autonomy or access to operate under this type of contract. Despite the infocentric flaws of the interaction model (discussed in Chapter Six), ComTech’s (and SSP’s) success still required willingness from Icarus employees and executives to allow ComTech to implement these new processes as per the new paradigmatic staffing model under which it had been hired. However, in spite of the effort the Working Team put into developing the interaction model, it was largely ignored by other IT teams: In the Icarus culture, it’s very important not to share your opinion, unless you’re absolutely sure that everyone’s going to agree with you. So it comes back to SSP, because the [ComTech] guys really don’t know what to do with this, because they’re looking to us for opinions, and they’re getting them. But the assumption that the Icarus folks are making is that [ComTech] will not disagree with this opinion, because this opinion is something that everyone at Icarus agrees with. Specifically with respect to the intake process and the portfolio planning process, and all of this [interaction model between Icarus and ComTech], that we’re trying to document. It’s like Icarus has come in with a process that is frankly broken, or never worked that well in the first place. [ComTech] just came in originally, I think, with the idea that, “Yeah, it’s one of the 192 reasons why [Icarus] bought us, because they want us to come in and make this whole thing more efficient.” It was absolutely clear in the room from the get go, “No, [ComTech], you will adopt the ‘as is’ [Icarus] process. [You] will do that. [You] will get that right for at least a year or two, and then we can start talking about how to improve that process.” They’re very diplomatic. They’re very, very diplomatic, and so they would say, “Well, Icarus’s culture obviously works. We understand the benefit of just adopting it hook, line, and sinker, at least in this initial phase.” (Employee, personal communication, August 30, 2013) Understandably, but to its eventual detriment, ComTech acquiesced to Icarus’s feedback in these early situations. Unfortunately for ComTech executives, their consent to these pressures reinforced the beliefs of SSP’s non-supporters that ComTech would be unsuccessful under a managed services agreement at Icarus. In addition to their aforementioned submission to the “Icarus way,” ComTech executives admitted some missteps of their own during their first months at Icarus. Although they were not directly interviewed for this study, my personal observations of their most damaging setbacks included the protracted replacement of contractors where there appeared to be legitimate performance concerns, and considerable turnover among the top ComTech executives who needed to forge strong relationships with Richard and his peers. The “revolving door” of ComTech contractors and executives combined with the accelerated technical knowledge transition and growing cultural resistance across the Icarus IT department marked the “beginning of the end” of SSP’s chances for success. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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