Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative


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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A

The Habitus as an Iceberg 
This study provided an organized, Bourdieu-based look at how a particular Fortune 1000 
retail company’s habitus played out in its Information Technology department. The IT 


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department’s social environment influenced how cultural information circulated and was 
interpreted by employees and executives. 
The habitus limited SSP’s chances for success because it affected how individuals 
learned to think and act at Icarus. Leveraging Bourdieu’s (1972/1977) definition, the Icarus 
habitus was a socially created and self-reinforcing network of social practices, mental models, 
and organizational rules in use that guided and sanctioned how employees and executives 
transmitted power. This was evident even in the years immediately preceding SSP. The IT 
department’s reorganization created a culture of thinkers versus doers. On one side you had the 
“thinker” Business Strategy teams who fit the cultural veneer of the Icarus habitus. On the other, 
you had the “doer” engineers and project managers who felt marginalized or that their jobs were 
at risk of being outsourced. The IT reorganization bifurcated employees and executives into 
different classes, which led to an identity crisis for the entire department. The IT team was 
unsure if they were working on a software factory assembly line, were members of a guild of 
craftsmen, or serving as wardens over their vendors. 
Icarus employees and executives expressed a nagging sense that the company’s culture 
and politics would have a negative effect on SSP, yet they lacked a way to articulate that concern 
or contemplate effective interventions. The habitus went generally unexplored by executives as a 
force to be considered. Analogous to trying to detect odorless carbon monoxide or radon in one’s 
home by the olfactory senses alone, employees and executives lacked an instrument to alert them 
to the existence of the habitus. Consequently, they continually wrestled with the effects the 
habitus had on SSP without being able to locate its source or fully diagnose their symptoms. 
The metaphor of an iceberg is a more vivid and comprehensive way to contemplate the 
Icarus habitus. The visible portion above the waterline included many of the elements discussed 


212 
in Chapter Five, such as partnering, getting feedback, opportunities, status meetings, stretch 
assignments, one team, being on brand, PowerPoint decks, flawless execution, socializing, and 
collaborative (if not protracted) decision making. These were the widely known and accepted 
tools for working at Icarus—following Kuhn’s (2012) structure, they were the paradigmatic rules 
of normal science for any problem solving work. 
Below the waterline were the front stage and backstage cultural rituals, awareness of and 
ability to navigate the IT taxonomy, executives’ (lack of) “dexterity with symbols” (Jackall, 
2010) to legitimize problems and solutions, the tacit expectation that leaders would often leak 
privileged information to their rising stars, and executives’ shadow attempts to block one another 
from advancing in their moral careers. These elements were not openly discussed but created and 
recreated the bureaucratic ethic and corporate morality of the Icarus habitus. They were the 
“organizational rules in use” as described by Jackall (2010). Individuals gained awareness of 
these elements through their experiences watching others who successfully climbed the corporate 
ladder at Icarus. As they applied these elements to their own initiatives and probationary 
crucibles, other employees at lower levels were prone to repeat the pattern of observing, 
applying, and learning to gain this specialized knowledge. All of these elements were part of the 
Icarus habitus and contributed to SSP’s shortcomings. 
The habitus created and reinforced the habitus. It shaped leaders like Jack, Richard, and 
Brenda, who in turn, influenced leaders like Donald, William, Cynthia (and me). We did the 
same for the respective rising stars on our team, who did the same on theirs, and so on. The 
habitus conditioned how we interpreted events as they happened, how we evaluated our options
and the manner in which we took the actions we did. 

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