Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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Foale: Ground training for Foale for the unplanned EVA on 6 September (with Anatoliy Solovyov) to inspect the depressurised Spektr module was not completed. He utilised his back-up training to Linenger, his previous US EVA experience and training, and on-orbit revision to prepare for the task. Wolf and Thomas A: These two astronauts completed training (no dates given in the report) in the pool on Mir mock-ups, using scuba gear and in Orlan DMA and M spacesuits. Scuba training was not conducted, as NASA astronauts qualify for this during their Ascan training programme. When Wolf was assigned to EVA training, his previous experience of working in the EMU at the JSC WET-F was taken into consideration, and his experience in scuba gear during EVA simulations made it possible to reduce the number of simulations Wolf had to perform. Both Wolf and Thomas also completed short-term weightless training in the IL-76MDK flying laboratory aircraft. During standard EVA training operations for the DMA/M spacesuits, as well as the EVA programme and procedures, Wolf and Thomas completed three practical classes each, totalling ten hours. They also completed four checkout submissions wearing scuba gear, and practical training in scuba gear for standard EVA operations (16 hours). For underwater training in the Orlan DMA/M 64 Simulators
suit for standard EVA operations, Wolf was submerged four times (16 hours). They also completed one flight (4 hours) in the IL-76MDK, where they learned to work with the Orlan suit in weightless conditions, including donning and doffing. (They also took the opportunity to become familiar with the Soyuz Sokol suit in the same way.) Thomas A and Voss J.S: EVA training for these two astronauts took place between 30 September and 30 November 1997, again using scuba gear and Orlan DMA/M type spacesuits. Again when assigned to the EVA programme, their previous NASA training in scuba gear and EMU space operations was taken into account when planning their Orlan training programme. For theoretical and practical training for standard operations, terminology, tasks, training resources and science hardware, Thomas took nine classes (13 hours) and Voss, ten classes (16 hours). For practical training using Russian scuba gear, Thomas logged three training sessions (9 hours), while Voss completed four training sessions (12 hours). Both astronauts logged four sessions each while wearing the Orlan DMA/M suit (16 hours). US Astronaut Mir/Orlan EVA training When Progress M-34 damaged the Spektr module of Mir in the summer of 1997, the need arose for NASA astronauts to qualify in Orlan EVA suits on subsequent residency missions, in the event that further repairs were required. Mike Foale was already aboard the station and had qualified by training as back-up to Linenger. At the time of the incident, Wendy Lawrence was in training to take over from Foale, but it was found that she was too short to qualify in the Orlan suit and had never trained for Shuttle EVA operations. She was replaced by her back-up Dave Wolf, who had to undertake an abbreviated training programme with Andy Thomas. When Wolf replaced Foale on Mir, Andy Thomas trained for the last NASA astronaut residency, with Voss as his back-up. Voss had also undertaken Orlan EVA training specifically for this role and this would help on his ISS assignment three years later. The sizing issue for American astronauts would also have an effect on future Soyuz and EVA training for long duration ISS crews and Soyuz rescue craft qualification. Despite this hurdle, a number of lessons were learned from Shuttle-Mir EVA operations that would apply to the forthcoming ISS EVA training of American (and other) resident crew members that had to qualify for Orlan operations from the Russian segment. As a result of training Russian-American EVA crews, a number of practical skills were acquired by NASA astronauts: . Theoretical knowledge and practical skills of working with Russian scuba gear . Theoretical knowledge and practical skills in donning and removing variants (DMA/M) of the Orlan EVA suit . Working in Orlan pressure garments in flying laboratory aircraft and the Hydrolab . Practicing elements of the EVA time line in accordance with flight data files . Practicing contingency off-nominal situations in accordance with flight data files . Installation and retrieval of instruments on the exterior of the station International EVA training and operations 65 . Working with elements of the pressure garment, including maintenance, checkout, cleaning and use of the EVA tool kit . Working with mock-ups of space hardware in the Hydrolab . Working as a team member with Russian training staff, divers and cosmonauts in EVA training scenarios. ISS Russian Segment EVA training Training for International Space Station EVA operations has drawn upon years of experience from the Salyut and Mir programmes. From 2001, most of the EVAs conducted by resident crews at ISS have been via the Pirs docking module using Orlan suits. This has been necessary because of the tasks to be performed from the Russian segment by resident crews, the grounding of the Shuttle following the February 2003 Columbia accident, and in-orbit difficulties with the American EMU units which can only be used via the Shuttle airlock or Quest docking module. All Russian cosmonauts are trained on Orlan EVA operations and facilities at ISS and international members of resident crews (up to April 2005, only Americans) are required to qualify in Orlan suits as well as US EMU units. Updated procedures and time lines are implemented as required according to programme requirements, but basic Orlan suit training by international astronauts has been described recently (February 2005) by NASA astronaut Clayton Anderson, who began long duration resident crew training in January 2004. As part of his online journal, he commented about the status of Orlan EVA training for ISS. 31 Yuri Gidzenko and Bill Shepherd, crewmembers for the first expedition to the International Space Station, conduct EVA training in the Hydrolaboratory, on 14 September 2000 66 Simulators
With fellow NASA astronaut Sunita Williams, Anderson has conducted an Orlan training course that will one day lead to an EVA from ISS. The course includes theoretical training on how the suit is designed and works. As part of astronaut training at NASA JSC, the astronauts had become familiar with the current Shuttle EMU suit, airlock and Quest airlock on ISS and, along with the scuba diving training, this experience is useful for quickly becoming acquainted with the Orlan equipment. Anderson wrote about the `basic skills' required before anyone is allowed to enter the Hydrolab, a facility that is not available in US EVA simulations. According to Anderson, the Russian simulation facility (Vykhod 2) `provides a suspension system, connected to the suit, which offsets our weight a bit here on Earth, giving us a rough simulation of zero-gravity. . . at least from the perspective we have from within the suits. In addition, this simulator has a mock-up of the Russian airlock segment (Pirs, or Docking compartment 1) and its requisite panels, as well as a hatch. The combination of all these capabilities allows us to practice some basic space-walking techniques while wearing the Orlan, such as depressurisation (and re-pressurisation) procedures, opening and closing the airlock hatch, use of tethers and most importantly, executing the steps used in the event of equipment malfunctions. In a nutshell, we can do everything we need to prepare us for going out the door.' JAXA candidate EVA training As ISS operations expand, so will the training for missions to the facility. For some years, a team of three Japanese astronauts has been conducting ISS training for flights on Shuttle and Soyuz spacecraft to operate Japanese equipment on the station (including the Kibo science facility), as part of a visiting or long duration residency mission. In February 2004, astronauts Satoshi Furukawa, Akihiko Hoshide and Naoko Yamazaki received lectures on the Orlan spacesuit and Russian EVA operations. They participated in EVA training wearing the Orlan training facility (Vykhod 2), where they learned basic procedures for EVA in both emergency and nominal situations with the spacesuit and airlocks. This 1-g training was followed by scuba diving to determine their level of diving skills in advance of later EVA training wearing Orlan suits in the Hydrolab (which still had to be completed at the time of writing ± April 2005). 32 Manned Manoeuvring Units In February 1990, two Soviet cosmonauts (Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Serebrov) flight-tested a UPMK (Equipment for Cosmonaut Transference and Manoeuvring Unit) during tethered EVAs from the Kvant 2 module of Mir. The unit, designated 21KS, was flown by the cosmonauts on 1 and 5 February 1990 before being stored for many years inside the Kvant module. It was finally relocated outside in a support frame, where it remained, unused, until it was destroyed upon the re-entry of the space complex in March 2001. In order to operate this unit in space, special training devices had to be created to simulate the operation of the unit on the ground. UPMK for Voskhod/Almaz: In the early 1960s, the first cosmonaut manoeuvring unit was developed by Zvezda. 33 The plan, based on a government directive of 27 International EVA training and operations 67 July 1965, was to test fly it during an additional Voskhod mission that was subsequently cancelled. The project then transferred to the Almaz military space station programme in a directive dated 28 December 1966. During 1966, several test units were produced for developmental work and a developmental prototype test was conducted during 1968, but in 1969, work was terminated when no specific task could be assigned for the unit. Though testing had been completed at Zvezda by staff engineers, it is unclear if any cosmonauts were assigned to help with the project or if any training was accomplished. The unit is located in the museum of the Zvezda design bureau 21KS for Mir & Buran: It was not until 22 March 1984 that a new directive was issued to develop a self-contained manoeuvring unit (21KS) for use on Mir and the Buran shuttle programme. This directive came the month after NASA had demonstrated its MMU from STS 41-B to great success. Once again, Zvezda was the prime contractor and the Ministry of General Engineering Industry and the Ministry of Defence were the `customers'. 34 Testing of the unit occurred between 1986 and 1989. Special test facilities were established and in November 1988, cosmonauts Serebrov and Viktorenko represented the cosmonaut team in manned tests and evaluation of the system. The two cosmonauts and Zvezda engineers controlled the 21KS by visual evaluations of their attitude and with various angular and linear accelerations and rates to determine the accuracy of `flying' the vehicle in the test rigs. The cosmonauts tested the attitude control system in automated, manual and contingency modes. Between 1987 and 1989, there were 37 Hydrolab tests of the unit, 32 flights in the flying laboratory aircraft and a large number (unspecified) of cosmonaut training sessions. These included sessions in the Zvezda Aerostatic Support training devices, the Polosa training device and the Don simulator at TsPK. The flight unit was launched aboard Kvant 2 on 26 November 1989. Using a safety tether in the event of a system malfunction and the inability of the Mir complex to manoeuvre and pick up the stranded cosmonaut (as the Shuttle was able to accomplish if required), Serebrov flew the unit for forty minutes to a distance of 38 metres from the hatch on 1 February 1990. Viktorenko completed a 93-minute flight to 45 metres from the station on 5 February 1990. Despite a flawless performance and the cosmonauts' praise for the unit, it was never used again. SAFER & ISS: With Russia joining the ISS programme, the expansion of EVA activities required improved EVA safety over the more traditional tethers used for the past 25 years on Salyut and Mir stations. As a result, from 1998, Zvezda began the development of a Russian Simplified Aide For EVA Rescue (SAFER), a smaller MMU that could be used for the safe return of a crew member to the station. It was designed to be attached to the back of the Orlan M suit. Though developed separately from the NASA EMU-SAFER but with initial financial support from the American agency, as much duplication was incorporated into the Russian unit as possible to ease crew training for the units. Russian SAFER training is integrated into cosmonaut Orlan M training for ISS flight assignments. It has been passed as flight ready and is awaiting transportation to ISS on a shuttle mission. 35 68 Simulators Table 2 Cosmonaut Internati onal
EVA Log
Sequ ence
Date R ussian Inter nation
al C ountry M ission
Sp acecraf
t EVA
Suit Duration
1 1988
Dec 9 V olkov, A. C hre Âtien
Fra nce
(CNE S) EO -4 M ir/Arag atz M ir Node Orlan
DMA 5 hr 57 min
2 1995
Oct 20 Avd eyev Reite
r Ge rmany (ESA) EO -20 M ir/Euro
Mir 95 M ir/Kvant 2 Orlan DMA 5 hr 16 min
3 1996
Feb 8 Gid zenko Reite
r G ermany (ESA) EO -20 M ir/Euro
Mir 95 M ir/Kvant 2 Orlan DMA 3 hr 06 min
4 1997
Apr 29 Tsibli yev Linen
ger Am erica (NAS A) EO -23 M ir/NASA-4 M ir/Kvant
2 Orlan
M 4 hr 48 min
5 1997
Sep 6 So lovyov ,A.
Foale Am erica (NAS A) EO -24 M ir/NASA-5 M ir/Kvant
2 Orlan
M 6 hr 00 min
6 1997
Oct 1 Tito v, V. Pa razyns ki America (NAS A) ST S-86/Sh uttle
Mir 7 OV- 104 Atlantis
STS/EMU 5 hr 01 min
7 1998
Jan 14 So lovyov ,A.
W olf
Am erica
(NAS A) EO -24 M ir/NASA-6 M ir/Kvant
2 Orlan
M 6 hr 38 min
8 1999
Apr 16 Af anasyev Hai
gnere  Fra nce (CNE
S) EO -26 M ir/Peresus M ir/Kvant
2 Orlan
M 6 hr 19 min
9 2000
Sep 10 M alenche nko
Lu Am erica (NAS A) ST S-106 (I SS) OV- 104
Atlantis STS/EMU
6 hr 14 min 10 2001 Jun 8 Usa chev V oss J.S . A m erica
(NAS A) EO -2/ISS ISS/
Zvez da Node Orlan 0 hr 19 min
(IV A) 11 2001 Nov
12 De zhurov C ulbertson Am erica
(NAS A) EO -3/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 5 hr 04 min
12 2002
Jan 14 Onuf riyenk o W alz Am erica (NAS A) EO -4/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 6 hr 03 min
13 2002
Jan 25 Onuf riyenk o Bursc h Am erica (NAS A) EO -4/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 5 hr 59 min
14 2002
Aug 26 Ko rzun W hitson (F) Am erica (NAS A) EO -5/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 4 hr 25 min
15 2004
Feb 26 Kal eri Foale
Am erica
(NAS A) EO -8/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 3 hr 55 min
16 2004
Jun 24*
Pa dalka
Finck e Am erica (NAS
A) EO -9/ISS ISS/ Pirs
Orlan M 0 hr 14 min (terminated) 17 2004 Jun 30 Pa dalka Finck
e Am erica (NAS A) EO -9/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 5 hr 40 min
18 2004
Aug 3 Pa dalka Finck
e Am erica (NAS A) EO -9/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 4 hr 30 min
19 2004
Sep 3 Pa dalka Finck
e America
(NAS A) EO -9/ISS ISS/
Pirs Orlan
M 5 hr 21 min
20 2005
Jan 26 Sh aripov C hiao Am erica
(NAS A) EO -10/IS S ISS/ Pirs Orlan
M 5 hr 28 min
21 2005
Mar 28 Sh aripov C hiao Am erica
(NAS A) EO -10/IS S ISS/ Pirs Orlan
M 4 hr 30 min
Total 100
hr 47 min * This
EVA was
cut short
due to a probl em with Fincke's primary
oxy gen
tank in his pre ssure
suit. Mission
manag ers
decided to resc hedule the
EVA for
30 Ju ne. (F) = Female International EVA training and operations 69 REFERENCES 1 Boris Yesin, `Zemnye sobratya, kosmicheskikh korabley', Novosti Kosmonavtiki No. 4 (231), 2002, pp. 52±53 2 `RGNII-Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov imeni Yu. A. Gagarina', Moscow, Kladez- Buks, 2002, page 125 3 Institute of Aircraft Development (NII-AO) website http://www.niiao.ru/space/sokb_- hi.htm 4 N. Kamanin, `Skrytyi kosmos: kniga vtoraya 1964±1966', Infortekst, Moscow 1997; entry for 26 June 1965 5 Ref 4, entry for 13 August 1965 6 Ref 4, entry for 26 February 1964 7 Ref 4, entry for 17 February 1966 8 Resolution # 101 of 27 April 1966 9 N. Kamanin, `Skrytyi kosmos: kniga vtoraya 1967±1968', Infortekst, Moscow 1999; entry for 2 August 1967 10 Ref 9, entry for 2 December 1967 11 Ref 9, entry for 3 December 1967 12 Ref 9, entry for 17 January 1968 13 Ref 9, entries for 30 January and 6 February 1968 14 Ref 9, entry for 31 March 1968 15 N. Kamanin, `Skrytyi kosmos: kniga vtoraya 1969±1978', Infortekst, Moscow 2001; entry for 17 November 1970 16 Rex Hall and Bert Vis interview with Nikolay Mikhailovich Kopylov, Star City, August 2004
17 B.M. Yesin, `Trenazhory rossiyskogo segementa KKS v TsPK im. Yu. A. Gagarina', Novosti Kosmonavtiki 17±18/1998, pp. 58±59 18 V.A. Romanov, `The `Analogue': the ground-based double of Almaz', Tribuna, NPO- Mashinostroyeniya's (formerly OKB-52) in-house newspaper, unknown date Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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