Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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were killed when the Soyuz 11 descent craft depressurised during its landing, after its record breaking mission to Salyut 1. By 1972, flight opportunities were reduced when the position of cosmonaut researcher was abolished following the Soyuz 11 disaster and the crews were reduced to two wearing full space suits. On 27 March 1972, however, three additional engineers, Boris Andreyev, Valentin Lebedev and Yuri Ponomaryov, reported for training. The following year, the fourth selection was made, with Vladimir Aksyonov, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, Valeriy Ryumin and Gennadiy Strekalov starting on 27 March 1973. The engineers all worked for the bureau already and they had first hand knowledge of the equipment they would fly and the space stations they would work on. Yazdovskiy was removed from the Soyuz 13 mission in December 1973, due to being `psychologically incapable of shifting to the role of cosmonaut operator.' He was a man who spoke his mind and had clearly made enemies. He was stood down (and replaced on the mission by Lebedev) and never got another assignment, leaving the team on 1 July 1982. Ponomaryov, who was married to Ponomaryova, a member of the 1962 female selection, was assigned to a number of back-up crews in the Salyut programme, but was stood down due to medical problems, resigning on 11 April 1983. Andreyev served as a back-up crew member on ASTP and then on a number of Salyut 6 and 7 Engineers in space 151
crews before being paired with Zudov for a flight. However, he failed a medical and left on 5 September 1983. A new chief designer On 22 May 1974, TsKBEM was merged with KB EnergoMash and renamed again as the Scientific and Production Association (NPO) Energiya, with Valentin Glushko as its new head. The deputy director responsible for manned space flight was Yuri Semenov. On 1 January 1977, Konstantin Feoktistov was added to the team as he has been short-listed for a mission. He trained for a number of missions, but kept missing out due to failing medicals. One of these missions related to flying an older cosmonaut, a similar mission profile and objective to that flown by John Glenn on STS-95 in 1998. Feoktistov finally stood down on 28 October 1988 without making a second flight. In 1977, the medical requirements to be a candidate were very strict. They were described by Sergey Bedziouk, a candidate for the team who passed the GMVK in The back-up crew to a number of long duration crews posing in front of the Mir simulator. (from left) Air Force commander Vyacheslav Zudov and Energiya engineer Boris Andreyev 152 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya March 1978: `Only a few individuals out of hundreds of candidates passed the medical evaluation. I remember someone told me that there was one successful candidate out of five hundred people undergoing medical evaluation. First there was a one-day outpatient check-up. If everything was in order then the candidate was sent for a comprehensive inpatient check-up at a medical facility, which lasted 30 to 40 days.' This was the same for all civilian selections. On 1 December 1978, the GMVK considered fourteen more candidates from Energiya, of which seven were selected. They were Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Balandin, Aleksandr Laveykin, Musa Manarov, Viktor Savinykh, Aleksandr Serebrov and Vladimir Solovyov. Four of this group reported for training immediately and the rest were called up a couple of years later to start training for Salyut 7 assignments. The candidates who did not pass the GMVK were Valeriy Chervyakov, Gennadiy Isayev, Aleksandr Kulik, Viktor Pyotrenko, Aleksandr Khaustov, Sergey Bedziouk and Nikolay Pyotrov. 1 The next selection related to the desire to fly another female before the Americans flew one on the Shuttle. In 1978, the United States had selected six women astronauts and as the launch of the first Shuttle got closer, there was pressure on the Soviet mission planners to upstage the Americans again. On 30 July 1980, the mandate commission selected Nataliya Kuleshova and Irina Pronina, as well as other women candidates from other bureaus, and on 16 May 1983, Svetlana Savitskaya transferred from her establishment to join NPO Energiya. Kuleshova was initially assigned to a crew, but had medical issues and was replaced by Pronina. Pronina served as back-up to Savitskaya on Soyuz T 7 and was then assigned to the prime expedition crew of T 8 with Titov and Strekalov. She was replaced very late on, due to the long standing opposition to flying women from senior figures within the programme. Savitskaya escaped these problems, perhaps because her father was a Marshal within the Soviet Army and she had a great deal of very high political support for her flights. She flew two short missions and would have commanded a third, the first such assignment for a woman, until it was cancelled when problems developed with Salyut 7. She stood down on 27 October 1993 to take up a position in Energiya and is now a leading member of the Communist Party in the Russian Duma. On 15 February 1984, two more engineers were selected, Aleksandr Kaleri and Sergey Yemelyanov. This was the seventh selection of engineers. Kaleri went on to fly four missions to Mir and ISS and also served as Deputy Commander of the team to Gennadiy Strekalov, who had been selected as Head of the Energiya cosmonaut detachment in 1985. On 2 September 1985, the eighth selection, Sergey Krikalev and Yuri Zaytsev, started training. Zaytsev went on to serve as a back-up cosmonaut on a couple of occasions, but was dismissed from the team on 14 March 1996, by the order of Yuri Koptev, the Director General of the Rossiyskoye Kosmicheskoye Agentstvo (RKA, the Russian Space Agency). He continues to work in the design bureau. 2 The ninth selection contained only one candidate. Sergey Avdeyev was passed by the GMVK on 6 March 1987 and started his basic training programme in December 1987, which lasted 18 months. He went on to make three long-duration expedition flights to the Mir station, including one of over a year in duration. Engineers in space 153 Energiya engineer Aleksandr Kaleri during sea training The tenth selection was passed by the GMVK on 25 January 1989. The four candidates were Nikolay Budarin, Yelena Kondakova, Aleksandr Poleshchuk and Yuri Usachev, who started their basic training in September 1989 and finished in January 1991. The eleventh selection reported on 3 March 1992, with three candidates starting training. They were Aleksandr Lazutkin, Pavel Vinogradov and Sergey Treshchev. All seven went on to fly missions to Mir and/or ISS. Russian engineers and more changes In 1992, four of the Energiya cosmonauts left ± Musa Manarov, Nataliya Kuleshova and Irina Pronina on 27 July, and Sergey Yemelyanov on 9 July after failing the Medical Commission. Yemelyanov had been a back-up on a couple of occasions but had been removed due to a medical problem. He continued to work within the Energiya cosmonaut detachment, but died of a heart attack on 5 December 1992. 3 The next selection was made on 1 April 1994, with the arrival of Nadezdha Kuzhelnaya and Mikhail Tyurin. They underwent their basic training, completing it on 25 April 1996 with the rating of excellent. 2 On 10 May 1994, it was reported that the cosmonaut teams of various departments had been reduced, leaving Energiya with twelve cosmonauts. 4 In a list published a few days earlier, the team had sixteen in its complement, with thirteen in the main team and three candidates. 5 In July 1994, NPO Energiya was renamed once more as RKK (S.P. Korolyov Rocket and Spacecraft Corporation) Energiya, under the control of Director Yuri Semenov, who had replaced Glushko on 22 March 1992. 154 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya A formal crew portrait of the unflown Soyuz T 5 crew. (from left) Air Force Commander Yuri Isaulov and Energiya engineer Valentin Lebedev The thirteenth selection, of Energiya engineers Konstantin Kozeyev and Sergey Revin, was made on 9 February 1996. A third engineer, Oleg Kononenko, representing TsSKB in Samara, trained with his Energiya colleagues and on 5 January 1999, he transferred to the Energiya cosmonaut team. They started their training on 3 June 1996 and completed their basic training on 18 March 1998. The fourteenth selection was made by the GMVK on 26 July 1997, when Oleg Skripochka and Fyodor Yurchikhin joined the group. This selection was supplemented when Mikhail Korniyenko joined on 24 February 1998, having passed the GMVK. Yurchikhin flew a mission on STS-112 to the ISS, as a Mission Specialist. After this, there were no more selections for nearly five years, but during this period, the civilian engineers completed a number of long missions. On 19 October 2002, Rukavishnikov died after a long illness. By an order of the President of RKK Energiya, on 6 February 2003, Pavel Vinogradov was assigned to the post of Chief of Department 291 while remaining a test cosmonaut instructor. He succeeded Gennadiy Strekalov, who had been transferred to another job in the bureau. Strekalov died of cancer on 25 December 2004. Shortly after Vinogradov's appointment, cosmonaut Sergey Avdeyev stood down from the team, on 14 February 2003. He had completed three space flights, reaching the record breaking total duration of over 748 days in space. In 2003, three more engineers were passed for entry to the team. They passed the Mandate Commission on 26 May and reported for their basic training on 29 May. Engineers in space 155 The State Commission formal meeting on 29 May 2003 to select new candidates. (seated, from left) Yuri Koptev (Rosaviakosmos), Yuri Semenov (Energiya), Grin (Rocket Forces). (standing) Candidate Mark Serov and Valeriy Ryumin (Energiya). (Courtesy Novosti Kosmonavtiki) Meeting in the White Room of the Cosmonaut Training Centre confirming a crew. In the centre, standing, is TsPK commander Vasiliy Tsibliyev and next to him on his right is his deputy, Valeriy Korzun 156 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya The 2003 group of cosmonaut candidates. (from left) Sergey Zhukov, Yevgeniy Tarelkin, Aleksandr Samokutyayev, Anton Shkaplerov, Anatoliy Ivanishin, Sergey Ryazanskiy, Andrey Borisenko, Mark Serov and Oleg Artemyev. (Courtesy Novosti Kosmonavtiki) They were Oleg Artemyev, Andrey Borisenko and Mark Serov. Another candidate's entry was denied. Anna Zavyalova had passed the Medical Commission in 2000, and her failure to be confirmed by the State Commission probably reflects the attitude towards women within the higher levels of Russian space management. Another loss to the team came on 28 May 2003, when Oleg Makarov died of a heart attack. On 25 March 2004, Poleshchuk retired due to medical issues. He remains the head of Energiya department 293, responsible for coordinating EVA training in the civilian detachment. A month later, on 5 April, Yuri Usachev also retired. He continues to work in department 291 to support the detachment. A third Energiya cosmonaut retired on 27 May 2004 when Kuzhelnaya stood down. She had decided that she was unlikely to fly a mission and blamed Russian attitudes towards women undertaking such flights. She has joined Aeroflot as a trainee pilot on Tupolev 134s. The fourth retirement in this year was that of Nikolay Budarin, who stood down on 7 September 2004 after having made three flights. These latest departures left twelve cosmonauts, of whom eight have flown (as of 31 October 2004), plus three candidates who should complete their basic training in 2005. On completion of his fourth flight, Kaleri was made deputy to Vinogradov, who is himself due to make a long duration flight in 2005 or 2006 Krikalev, who was launched to ISS on TMA 6 in April 2005, became the first Russian to fly six missions. If he completes the full six-month mission, he will surpass Avdeyev's 748-day individual duration record in October 2005. So far, 54 engineers from the `Korolyov' design bureau have trained to be cosmonauts, with 35 having flown and eight of those having spent over a year in space. Engineers in space 157
Table 8: Organisation and Structure of the Energiya Cosmonaut Team RKK Energiya is the lead design bureau responsible for the construction of flown manned spacecraft, the Soyuz spacecraft and all its variants. Over the years, it has had a number of different names and was originally part of another bureau, NII-88. It is based in Podlipki, which was renamed Kaliningrad and finally renamed Korolyov. 1956±1966 OKB-1 The Korolyov design bureau 1966±1974 TsKBEM Central Construction Bureau of Experimental Machine Building 1974±1994 NPO Energiya (Energiya Science and Production Association Named after Academician S.P.Korolyov) 1994±date OAO S.P.Korolyov Rocket and Space Corporation Energiya (RKK Energiya) The Flight Test Service was created on 1 January 1982. This is the lead department within the design bureau for cosmonaut training. It is designated Group 29 and oversees departments 291, 292 and 293, as well as Mission Control (TsUP) and a Flight Documentation department. Head of Group 29 1982 Jan 1±1987 Jul 12 Valeriy Nikolayevich Kubasov 1987 Jul 12±date Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov Deputy Director 1993±date Aleksandr Sergeyevich Ivanchenkov The Energia cosmonaut team was run under the following departments. 1964 Apr±1966 Department 90 1966±1973 Oct 11 Department 731 1973 Oct 11±1975 Mar 1 Department 71 1975 Mar 1±1977 Feb 1 Department 111 1977 Feb 1±1982 Mar 1 Department 110 1982 Mar 1±date Department 291 There is a close relationship with Department 292 and 293. Heads
1964 Apr Sergey Nikolayevich Anokhin (Acting) 1966 May L.M. Kubshinov (Deputy A.I. Lobanov) 1966 Jul 17 Sergey Nikolayevich Anokhin Tracking these positions after this date is less clear, as many of the dates were not formally announced. 1973 Oct 11 Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov 1977 Feb 1±1979? Vitaliy Ivanovich Sevastyanov 1979?±unknown Valeriy Nikolayevich Kubasov 1984 Dec±1985 Mar 24 Vladimir Alekseyevich Solovyov 1985 Mar 25±2003 Feb 6 Gennadiy Mikhailovich Strekalov 2003 Feb 6±date Pavel Vladimirovich Vinogradov Deputy to Department commander 1978±1982 Sergey Nikolayevich Anokhin 158 The Cosmonaut group of RKK Energiya
1983±unknown Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya 1994 Mar 16 Aleksandr Yuriyevich Kaleri. He was the deputy to Strekalov for some time and certainly covered his training. He must have been replaced himself while he was training. A number of other cosmonauts headed the department while Strekalov trained and flew missions. Department 292 is the EVA training department. It is currently headed by Aleksandr Poleshchuk, who was acting head for some time but was made its permanent Head in March 2004. REFERENCES 1 Thorny Road to the Stars, Spaceflight, 44, September 2002, p 381±383, Aleksandr Zheleznyakov 2 Novosti Kosmonavtiki, 20 May±2 June 1996 3 Letter to Spaceflight, January 1994, from Vadim Molchanov 4 TASS, 10 May 94 5 Novosti Kosmonavtiki, 23 April±6 May 1994 References 159
Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections The selection processes for the new groups of civilian cosmonauts were the same as those for the Air Force, but the qualifications were different, reflecting the jobs envisaged by the heads of the design bureaus and the State Commission. Medical screening from 1960 to 1966 took place at the Central Military Scientific Aviation Hospital in Moscow. This responsibility was moved to the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems in 1967. Screening is conducted by a medical expert Commission (VEK) and the results are then passed on to the Chief Medical Commission (GMK), which is a board of leading doctors representing the Ministries of Health and Defence. All are members of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and they pass candidates solely on medical evaluations and tests. Successful candidates then become aspiring cosmonauts. The next step is to go before the State Interdepartmental Commission, which is also known as the GMVK. This is the government committee responsible for cosmonaut selection and has also been called the Credential Committee, or Mandate Commission. It is made up of Chief Designers, Air Force commanders and officials from the Russian Space Agency or its previous entities. It is a political committee which bases selection on political reliability (particularly before the fall of the Soviet Union) and both moral and human qualities or frailties. This system is still in place and the Commission meets on a regular basis as new selections are required. If a candidate successfully passes the Commission selection, they are admitted to their respective teams as a cosmonaut candidate. They then have to undergo basic training (OKP), which usually lasts around two years and is organised and provided by the Cosmonaut Training Centre at Star City. Having achieved the status of cosmonaut, candidates continue to be medically screened every year. They are then involved in rounds of generic training, and only when assigned to a mission do they undergo mission specific training within a training group and a crew. Appendix 4 is a full list of those who have taken their medicals and passed the State Commission. This list first appeared in 1997 but has been updated to include candidates who have been brought before the Commission since then. 1
THE COSMONAUT GROUP OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The first scientist to be considered for a mission was Georgiy Katys, who was on the short-list for the 1964 Voskhod programme. His participation was championed by Mstislav Keldysh, the head of the Academy of Sciences, who felt that it was important to have research at the heart of the programme. Katys was one of eight candidates being looked at for the mission and was passed by the Mandate Commission on 29 May 1964. He had also been subject to an enquiry by the KGB, who discovered he had relatives in France and that his father had been sentenced to death by Stalin. Kamanin commented that, `All this spoils the candidate for flight. More suitable candidates can be found.' Katys had been considered for selection in 1962 but was over the imposed age limit. He served as the back-up to Feoktistov on Voskhod 1 and he was a potential candidate for a number of missions, including Voskhod 3. He was with Volynov on the prime crew in the autumn of 1965, but the experiments were probably not ready and he was dropped in favour of an Air Force cosmonaut, although the mission and subsequent Voskhod missions were eventually cancelled. Katys was always passed over for selection in the fight for flight positions between the Air Force and OKB-1, but he remained in the lists for some years and formally enrolled in the Academy of Sciences team as part of a supplementary selection in May 1968. 2 In late 1966, eighteen scientists were selected, including seven from IZMIRAN, The Institute for Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of Akademiya Nauk (Academy of Sciences). They were sent to the Central Military Scientific Research Aviation Hospital for screening, but only four passed the tests. Permission was given in May 1967 for civilian agencies to select their own teams of cosmonauts. The Academy of Sciences confirmed their first selection on 22 May 1967 and only a few days later, four men were selected. They were Rudolf Gulyayev, Ordinard Kolomitsev and Mars Fatkullin from IZMIRAN, and Valentin Yershov from the Institute of Mathematics. They underwent a version of OKP basic training in that era, but it soon became clear that there were really no opportunities for them to fly missions. Gulyayev and Kolomitsev left the team in 1968, followed by Fatkullin in 1970, when he decided he had no chance of flying. Yershov was a very strong candidate and he was included in the L-1 training group, as he had done some work on developing a navigational device for use on the lunar missions. He was considered again in 1973 for possible inclusion in a Salyut crew but he failed his medical. He left in 1974 due to progressive deafness, but he had also refused to join the Communist Party, which had been reason enough for the dismissal of other candidates. In May 1970, following the creation of the Salyut programme, there was another attempt to create a scientist cosmonaut team to fly as third-seat researchers. The new team would include Katys, Yershov and four new candidates. This was due to rivalry within the scientific community and the fact that there were no members of the Academy of Science team left in training. Over the years a number of scientists had been passed by the Medical Commission, but none were ever passed by the GMVK to start training. 3 Yershov died on 15 February 1998 and Fatkullin died on 16 April 2004. 162 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections In 1980, as part of the women's selection, Irina Latysheva was approved. She worked for the Space Research Institute (IKI) and was part of a large group of Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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